Table 2.

List of dietary polyphenols exerting lipid-lowering effects via mTOR signaling.

Compound	Experimental Model	Functions and Mechanisms	Reference
Anhydroicaritin (5, 10 and 20 μM; 30 or 60 mg/kg)	HepG2 cells Western-type-diet mice	LKB1↑ → mTOR and P70S6K↓ → SREBPs↓ → lipid metabolism↑	[142]
Anthocyanins from Purple Corn (0.4 mg/mL)	3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells	mTOR, P70S6K and PKC↓ → insulin resistance↓	[143]
Betulinic Acid (1, 2, 3, or 4 μg/mL)	HepG2 cells	AKT↓ → mTOR↓ → S6K↓ → SREBPs↓ → de novo lipogenesis↓	[144]
Capsaicin (200 μM)	HepG2 cells	AMPK↑ → AKT↓ → mTOR↓ → SREBPs↓ → de novo lipogenesis↓	[145]
Curcumin (0.4 %/wt)	High-fat-diet mice	PI3K↓ → AKT↓ → mTOR↓ → NFкB↓ → colorectal cancer↓	[146]
EGCG (901.4 mg/d)	Obese female	mTORC2-; RICTOR-	[147]
Fisetin (50 μM; 0.2% or 0.5% (w/w))	3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells High-fat-diet mice	AKT↓ → TSC2↓ → S6K1 and mTOR↓ → C/EBPα and PPARγ↓ → adipogenesis↓	[148]
Fisetin (10 μM)	3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells	mTOR↓ → S6K↓ → C/EBPα↓ → GLUT4↓ → glucose uptake↓ → adipogenesis↓	[149]
Grape seed proanthocyanidins extracts (200 mg/kg)	High-fat-diet mice	mTOR↓ → adipogenesis↓ metabolism↑ → FOXO↓ → autophagy↓ → metabolic syndromes↓	[150]
Genistein (25 μM)	HepG2 cells	ERβ↑ → AKT and mTOR↓ → FASN and SREBPs↓ → lipogenesis↓; PPARα and CPT1↑ → fatty acid β-oxidation↑	[151]
Kaempferol (7.5, 15 and 30 μM)	3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells	AKT, mTOR and p70S6K↓ → C/EBPβ, KLF4 and KLF5↓, KLF2 and Pref-1↑ → PPARγ, C/EBPα and aP2↓ → lipid accumulation↓ → adipogenesis↓	[152]
Kaempferol (10 μM)	RIN-5F cells	PLN2↓ → lipid deposition↓; AMPK↑, mTOR↓ → LC3, p62 and Atg7↑ → lipophagy↑ → lipid stores↓	[153]
Lychee fruit extracts (20 or 200 mg/kg bw)	High-fat-diet mice	mTOR↓ → SREBPs↓ → lipogenesis↓	[154]
Oligonol (10, 25, and 50 μg/mL)	3T3-L1 cells	AMPK↓ → AKT↓ → mTOR↓ → p70S6K↓ → PPARγ and C/EBPα↓ → adipocyte differentiation↓ → adipogenesis↓	[155]
Oligonol (1, 5, and 10 μg/mL)	HepG2 cells	mTOR↓ → S6K↓ → insulin resistance↓	[156]
Pentamethylquercetin (20 mg/kg)	High-fat-diet mice	SIRT1↑ → mTOR↓ → 4EBP1↑ → autophagy↑; FAS, PPARγ, SREBPs↓ → adipogenesis↓	[157]
Penta-O-galloyl-α-D-Glucose (30 μmol/L)	3T3-L1 fibroblasts	mTOR↓ → PPARγ and C/EBPα↓; Pref-1↓, p21↑, cyclinD1↓ → G1 cell cycle arrest↑ → adipogenensis↓	[158]
Quercetin (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μM)	3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells	PI3K, AKT, mTOR and p70S6K↓ → PPARγ, C/EBPα and FABP4↓ → adipogenesis↓ → LPAATθ, DGAT1 and Lipin1↓ → lipogenesis↓	[159]
Resveratrol (0–100 μM)	RPE cells	pS6-→hyperinsulinemia↓	[160]
Resveratrol (200 mg/kg)	High-fat-diet mice	Lactococcus, Clostridium XI, Oscillibacter, and Hydrogenoanaerobacterium↓, Marinilabiliaceae and Turicibacter↑	[116]
Resveratrol (100 μM)	Primary preadipocyte	Akt↓ ⇄ Sirt1↑ → mTOR and S6K↓ → IL-6, MCP-1 and iNOS↓ → adipose inflammation↓;	[161]
Resveratrol (100 mg/kg)	High-fat-diet mice	AMPK↑ → mTOR↓ → p62↓, LC3↑ → autophagy↑	[162]
Resveratrol (25 μM)	L6 skeletal muscle cells	mTOR↓ → p70S6K↓ → IRS-1↑ → glucose uptake↓→insulin resistance↓	[163]
Sulforaphane (10 μM; 30 mg/kg)	Mouse fibroblast line 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes High-fat-diet mice	AMPK↑ → mTOR↓ → ULK1↑ → LC3↑ → autophagy↑ → lipophagy↑	[164]

Notes: “↓” indicates down-regulation of expression or decrease of activity; “↑” indicates up-regulation of expression or increase of activity.