Table 4.

Influence of root vegetables from the botanical family Apiaceae on health.

Vegetable	Type of Study	Form of Vegetable/Compound Tested	Effect	Source
Carrot	In vitro	Carrot powder	Fermentation of polyphenols Antioxidant activity and ability to inhibit α-galactosidase shown by polyphenols Regulation of gut microbiota diversity	[79]
Carrot	In vivo/rats	Carrot root and pomace preparations	Higher stool weight Lipid profile improvement Lower fecal pH Reduction in β-galactosidase activity	[80]
Carrot	In vivo/rats	Fermented carrot juice	Regulation of glucose level Regulation of insulin sensitivity Increased short-chain fatty acids in the small intestine Increased microbiota abundance	[105]
Carrot	In vivo/rats	Carrot seed extract	Increased level of thyroxine Decreased spatial memory and passive avoidance memory	[106]
Carrot	In vivo/hamster	Carrot and carambola juice	Lower fecal pH Reduced β-galactosidase activity	[81]
Carrot	In vivo/women	Carrot seed	Female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire improved (mainly higher desire, higher satisfaction, and lower pain involving sexual intercourse)	[82]
Carrot	In vivo/people/ meta-analysis	Various carrot products	Decreased risk of prostate cancer associated with intake of carrots Carrot intake might be inversely associated with prostate cancer risk	[7]
Carrot	In vivo/people/meta-analysis	Various carrot products	Dietary carrot intake associated with decreased risk of breast cancer Studies conducted using various methodologies	[86]
Parsley	In vivo/mice	Polyphenolic fraction of parsley	Decreased depressive behavior (decreased immobility time) Decreased anxiolytic behavior (tendency for discovery in the center and illuminated areas)	[107]
Parsley	In vivo/rats	Polyphenolic fraction of parsley	Antithrombotic effects Reduced venous thrombus formation by 98.2%	[108]
Parsley	In vivo/rats	Parsley leaf extract	Morphology improvement in pregnant diabetic rats Fetuses’ metabolic changes caused by mothers’ diabetes decreased	[109]
Parsley	In vivo/rats	Parsley seed extract	Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and vLDL cholesterol decreased Cholesterol HDL increased	[110]
Parsley	In vivo/rats	Parsley leaf	Parsley did not cause any significant reduction in uric acid levels in serum of normal rats, but significantly reduced uric acid levels in serum of hyperuricemic rats in time-dependent manner	[111]
Celery	In vitro/LNCaP cells	Celery extract	Apoptosis induction Anticancer activity on the human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP Time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability by the extract	[112]
Celery	In vivo/mice	Fermented celery juice	Increased relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in gut microbiota Increased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Decreased relative abundance of harmful bacteria (Alloprevotella and Helicobacter)	[113]
Celery	In vivo/mice	Celery extract	Improved both spatial and non-spatial memories Reduced lipid peroxidation of brain Increased glutathione peroxidase activity	[114]
Celery	In vivo/rats	Celery extract	Decreased infarct volume Improved neuronal density in cortex and hippocampus	[115]
Celery	In vivo/women	Celery seed	Female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire improved (mainly higher desire, higher arousal, and lower pain involving sexual intercourse)	[116]
Celery	In vivo/people	Celery leaf extract	Decrease in pre-prandial plasma glucose levels among patients with diabetes No significant increase in plasma insulin levels	[117]
Celery	In vivo/people	Celery seed extract	Systolic blood pressure decreased by 11 mmHg on average Diastolic pressure decreased by 8 mmHg on average	[118]
Celery	In vivo/people	Celery, root	Six of eleven patients with history of allergic reactions to celery showed allergic response to cooked celery Celery remained allergenic even after extended thermal treatment (76.07 min/100 °C) Celery spice was allergenic for patients with allergy to raw celery	[119]