Table 2.
Results of structural models.
| Model 1a | Model 1b | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressive symptoms | Adjustment disorder symptoms | Fear of COVID-19 | Self-reference | Depressive symptoms | Adjustment disorder symptoms | Fear of COVID-19 | Self-reference | |
| Adaptive IER | −0.54 *** [−0.70; −0.39] |
−0.26 *** [−0.42, −0.10] |
−0.25 *** [−0.32; −0.09] |
0.05 [−0.08; 0.18] |
−0.06 [−0.16; 0.03] |
0.08 [−0.03; 0.19] |
0.09 [−0.03; 0.21] |
0.11 [−0.01; 0.24] |
| Maladaptive IER | 0.85 *** [0.71; 0.99] |
0.75 *** [0.60; 0.89] |
0.73 *** [0.59; 0.88] |
−0.11 [−0.24; 0.03] |
0.20 *** [0.10; 0.31] |
0.24 *** [0.12; 0.36] |
0.21 ** [0.08; 0.35] |
−0.18 ** [−0.31; −0.05] |
| Brooding | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.28 *** [0.23; 0.34] |
0.25 *** [0.18; 0.32] |
0.27 *** [0.19; 0.35] |
0.03 [−0.04; 0.11] |
| Reappraisal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.10 *** [−0.14; −0.05] |
−0.01 [−0.07; 0.04] |
−0.00 [−0.06; 0.05] |
−0.06 [−0.11; 0.01] |
| Social Support | 0.04 [−0.03; 0.10] |
0.03 [−0.04; 0.10] |
0.01 [−0.06; 0.08] |
−0.01 [−0.08; 0.05] |
−0.02 [−0.06; 0.03] |
−0.01 [−0.07; 0.05] |
−0.03 [−0.09; 0.03] |
−0.02 [−0.07; 0.04] |
| Attachment | 0.05 † [−0.01; 0.11] |
0.06 [−0.00; 0.12] |
0.07 * [0.00; 0.13] |
−0.01 [−0.07; 0.05] |
−0.02 [−0.07; 0.02] |
0.01 [−0.05; 0.06] |
0.01 [−0.04; 0.07] |
−0.02 [−0.08; 0.04] |
| Loneliness | 0.20 *** [0.12; 0.27] |
0.15 *** [0.08; 0.23] |
0.05 [−0.03; 0.13] |
0.10 ** [0.02; 0.17] |
0.27 *** [0.21; 0.32] |
0.20 *** [0.14; 0.26] |
0.09 ** [0.03; 0.16] |
0.10 ** [0.03; 0.16] |
| Trust | −0.02 [−0.07; 0.03] |
−0.02 [−0.08; 0.03] |
−0.03 [−0.09; 0.03] |
−0.02 [−0.07; 0.04] |
−0.04 [−0.08; 0.00] |
−0.03 [−0.08; 0.02] |
−0.04 [−0.07; 0.01] |
−0.02 [−0.07; 0.04] |
| CFI | 0.95 | 0.95 | ||||||
| RMSEA | 0.06 | 0.06 | ||||||
| X 2 | 500.07 (89) *** | 431.73 (81) *** | ||||||
| X2 difference | 69.72 (8) *** | |||||||
Note. All dependent variables were further controlled for sex, age, previous mental health diagnosis, and country (dummy codes for UK, Germany, and Switzerland). Significance codes *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05, † p > 0.05, and a 95% CI that does not contain 0. In [] is a 95% CI. IER stands for interpersonal emotion regulation. Brooding and reappraisal were held at 0 in Model 1a. IER was measured by the IER-CR [55] Adaptive and Maladaptive IER were calculated as latent variables (see main text for more information). Brooding was measured by the RSQ [56] and reappraisal by the CERQ [12].