Table 3.

Adverse reactions, side effects, and recorded complications associated with local anesthetics used in laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures.

No	Author/Year	Side Effects	Adverse Events	Complications	Drugs Used	Dose in mL or mg/kg
1	Ra (2010) [7]
	US-TAP block (0.25%)	Sleep disturbance (n = 2)			Levobupivacaine 0.25%	30 mL
	US-TAP block 0.5%	Sleep disturbance (n = 0)			Levobupivacaine 0.5%	30 mL
	Control	Sleep disturbance (n = 6)
2	Petersen (2012) [21]
	US-TAP block (Ropivacaine)	Nausea scores 0–24 h (n = 0), with no difference in sedation scores.			Ropivacaine 0.5% + 2 mL of normal saline	22 mL
	US-TAP block (saline)	Nausea scores 0–24 h (n = 0), with no difference in sedation scores.			Ropivacaine 0.375%	20 mL
3	Shin (2014) [61]				Ropivacaine 0.375%	40 mL
	US-OSTAP block	Nausea: none (n = 15), mild (n = 0), moderate (n = 0), severe (n = 0), and shoulders pain (n = 2).
	US-TAP block	Nausea: none (n = 12), mild (n = 2), moderate (n = 1), severe (n = 0), and shoulders pain (n = 0).
	Control	Nausea: none (n = 11), mild (n = 1), moderate (n = 3), severe (n = 0), and shoulders pain (n = 1).
4	Huang (2016) [67]
	Control		Nausea (n = 3, vomiting n = 2, and abnormal sedation n = 2)
	US-TAP Block, bilateral		Nausea (n = 1, vomiting n = 0, and abnormal sedation n = 0)		Ropivacaine 0.375%	30 mL
	US-TAP block + 2 mL of Dexamethasone		Nausea (n = 0, vomiting n = 0, and abnormal sedation n = 0)		Ropivacaine 0.375%	32 mL
5	Choi (2017) [71]
	US-TAP block (indwelling catheter inserted)		Nausea (n = 11), vomiting (n = 2), dizziness (n = 2), headache (n = 0), urinary retention (n = 11), pain at the needle insertion site (n = 0), and hematoma (n = 0).		Ropivacaine 0.2%	20 mL
	US-TAP block + PCA		Nausea (n = 15), vomiting (n = 2), dizziness (n = 1), headache (n = 3), urinary retention (n = 3), pain at the needle insertion site (n = 0), and hematoma (n = 1).		Ropivacaine 0.2%	20 mL
	Control (PCA only)		Nausea (n = 9), vomiting (n = 2), dizziness (n = 2), headache (n = 1), urinary retention (n = 0), pain at the needle insertion site (n = 2), and hematoma (n = 1).		100 mL of normal saline + 40 mg Oxycodone and 180 mg of Ketorolac
6	Houben (2019) [79]
	US-TAP block (Levobupivacaine)	Fatigue median data (1 h n = 5, 2 h n = 5, 4 h n = 4.5, and 24 h = 4). Nausea median data (1 h n = 1, 2 h n = 0, 4 h n = 0, and 24 h = 0).			Levobupivacaine 0.375% + Epinephrine 5 mcg/mL	40 mL
	US-TAP block (saline)	Fatigue median data (1 h n = 5, 2 h n = 5, 4 h n = 3, and 24 h = 4). Nausea median data (1 h n = 0, 2 h n = 0, 4 h n = 0, and 24 h = 0).			40 mL 0.9% normal saline + Epinephrine 5 mcg/mL	40 mL
7	Janjua (2019) [80]
	US-TAP block, unilateral			Respiratory depression (7.89%); others unclear	Bupivacaine 0.25%	0.4 mL/kg
	Control (port site infiltration)			Respiratory depression (2.56%); others unclear	Bupivacaine 0.25%	0.4 mL/kg
8	Siriwardana (2019) [84]
	LAP-TAP + port site infiltration (× 4)	Vomiting episodes 0(0–4)			Bupivacaine 0.25%	40 mL + 12 − 20 mL
	Control (port site infiltration × 4)	Vomiting episodes 0(0–2)			Bupivacaine 0.25%	12–20 mL
9	Liang (2020) [88]
	Group H	Postoperative nausea and vomiting were not significantly different between the 4 groups at 24 h (p = 0.180, p = 0.644).			Ropivacaine 0.75%	20 mL
	Group M				Ropivacaine 0.5%	20 mL
	Group L				Ropivacaine 0.2%	20 mL
	Group C				Normal saline 0.9%	20 mL
10	Ergin (2021) [90]
	LAI Group			39 (97.5%)	Bupivacaine 0.5%	20 mL
	TAPB Group			40 (100%)	Bupivacaine 0.5% + 20 cc of physiologic saline	40 mL (20 + 20)
	IPLA Group			39 (97.5%)	Bupivacaine 0.5%	20 mL
	Control			40 (100%)
11	Jung (2021) [91]
	BD-TAP block, bilateral	Nausea (n = 4), and desaturation (n = 3).			Ropivacaine 0.25%	60 mL
	Control (sham block), bilateral	Nausea (n = 7), and desaturation (n = 2).			Normal saline 0.9%	60 mL
12	Han (2022) [98]
	US-TAP block		Nausea and vomiting (n = 1), skin itching (n = 0), dizziness (n = 0), respiratory depression (n = 1), and puncture site hematoma (n = 0).		Ropivacaine 0.4% + 10 mg Tropisetron + 100 mL normal saline	142 mL
	Group S				Sufentanil 2 mg/kg via PCA + 10 mg Tropisetron + 100 mL normal saline	100 mL
	Group N		Nausea and vomiting (n = 8), skin itching (n = 1), dizziness (n = 0), respiratory depression (n = 2), and puncture site hematoma (n = 0).		Nalbuphine 2 mg/kg via PCA + 10 mg Tropisetron + 100 mL normal saline	100 mL
13	Lee (2022) [99]
	US-TAP block (Ropivacaine)	1 h: nausea (n = 5), vomiting (n = 0); 8 h: nausea (n = 3), vomiting (n = 0); 24 h: nausea (n = 0), vomiting (n = 0).			Ropivacaine 0.375%	40 mL
	US-TAP block (normal saline)	1 h: nausea (n = 12), vomiting (n = 1); 8 h: nausea (n = 8), vomiting (n = 2); 24 h: nausea (n = 3), vomiting (n = 0).			Normal saline 0.9%	40 mL
14	Paudel (2022) [101]
	US-TAP block	Nausea (n = 0), and vomiting (n = 0).			Bupivacaine 0.25%	40 mL
	Control (port site infiltration)	Nausea (n = 1), and vomiting (n = 2).			Bupivacaine 0.25%	20 mL

TAI Group = local anesthetic infiltration; TAPB Group = transversus abdominis plane block; IPLA Group = intraperitoneal local anesthetic injection; PCA = patient-controlled analgesia; US-TAP = ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane.