Table 2.
Examples of food matrices commonly fortified with protein within the literature, clinical settings and/or retail market.
| Food Matrix | Protein Source | Serving Size | Protein (g) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serving Size | 100 g or mL | |||||
| Literature-based studies | Bread [26,27,41,42,43] | - † | 27–35 g † | 5.6–7.9 | - | |
| Yoghurt [41,42] | WPC | 100–250 mL | 8.0–20.0 | 8.0 ^ | ||
| Fruit juices [26,27,43] | - | 150–200 mL | 10.0–10.6 | - | ||
| Soups [23,26,27,43] | -MP ^ | 75–79 g & 150 mL | 6.9–10.1 | - | ||
| Mashed potato [26,27,43] | - | 150 g | 8.4–10.5 | - | ||
| Dairy drinks [27,43] | - | 150 mL | 10.1 | - | ||
| Cakes [27,43] | - | 65 g | 9.9 | - | ||
| Ice cream [27,43] | - | 100 mL | 10.0 | 10.0 ^ | ||
| Meat [27,43] | - | 50–80 g | 12.4–22.0 | - | ||
| Milkshake (orange) [44] |
|
Combined approach of high protein products & protein powder (using whey, gelatin or pea protein) | 150 g | 16.0 | - | |
| Chocolate cake [44] | 56 g | 7.6 | - | |||
| Pizza bun [44] | 40 g | 6.0 | - | |||
| Fruit salad [44] | 65 g | 8.4 | - | |||
| Bun [44] | 40 g | 4.9 | - | |||
| Cheese crackers [44] | 10 g | 1.4 | - | |||
| Sandwich (ham) [44] | 40 g | 5.3 | - | |||
| Jelly (apple & cream) [44] | 50 g | 9.5 | - | |||
| Enriched breakfast dishes [23] | MP | 60–100 g | 7.4–11.5 | 11.5 ^ | ||
| Enriched fish dishes [23] | MP | 55–70 g | 7.6–8.9 | - | ||
| Enriched meat dishes [23] | MP | 55–75 g | 6.5–7.9 | - | ||
| Enriched side dishes [23] | MP | 47–75 g | 6.1–7.7 | - | ||
| Enriched desserts [23] | MP | 52–110 g | 6.2–7.6 | 6.9 ^ | ||
| High energy and/or protein snacks [45] | - | - | 0.0–6.0 | - | ||
| Protein rich ready meals [46] | - | 500–550 g | 30.5 (av) | - | ||
| Protein rich dairy products [46] | - | 30 g & 150 mL | 5.1–11.6 | - | ||
| Biscuit [47] | WPI | 40 g | 5.0 | 12.4 | ||
| Sauces [48] | WPI | 50 g | 0.5–2.3 | 0.9–4.5 | ||
| Rye bread [49] | WPH & WPI | 35 g | 4.8–7.0 | - | ||
| Cream cheese [49] | WPH & WPI | 25 g | 2.9–3.0 | 11.6–11.9 | ||
| Muffins [50,51] | WP, AF & SF | 100 g | 9.1–14.1 | 9.1–14.1 | ||
| Brioche [52] | RP, MP | 65 g | 12.8 | - | ||
| Beverages [53,54] | WPC, WP | 150–200 mL | 20.7–24.0 | - | ||
|
Clinical settings
(ONS products) |
ONS * | MP, MPC, SP, MPI, SPI & CA | 125–200 mL | 11.2–20.0 | 5.6–10.0 | |
| ONS soup * | MP, PP, SMP, MPC | 150–200 mL | 6.0–20.0 | 4.2–16.1 | ||
| ONS juice * | WP, WPI, MP, SPI | 150–220 mL | 7.8–11.0 | 3.9–16.2 | ||
| ONS yoghurt * | WP, MPI, SMP | 125 g & 200 mL | 9.3–15.0 | 5.9–7.5 | ||
| ONS dessert * | MP, MPC, MPI, SPI & CA | 125 g | 7.1–12.5 | 7.5–10.0 | ||
| ONS other * | WI & CH | 118 mL | 20.0 | 16.9 | ||
| Retail market-based products | Protein milk * | WP, MP, MPC | 330–500 mL | 25.0 | 5.0–7.6 | |
| Protein yoghurt * | Quark (milk) | 150–200 g | 15.0–22.0 | 10.0–11.4 | ||
| Protein cereals * | WPC, MPC, SMP & SPI | 40–75 g | 8.4–20.6 | 19.0–27.4 | ||
| Protein bars * | WPC, WPI, WP, SPI, MP, CA, MPI, WPH & PPI | 30–65 g | 4.5–20.0 | 15.0–34.0 | ||
| Protein flapjack * | WPC, WP, HWPI, SMP, MP, PP & HWHP | 40–88 g | 10.0–22.0 | 23.0–25.0 ^ | ||
| Protein balls * | WPI, WP, SP & MP | 35–50 g | 9.8–15.0 | 20.5–43.0 | ||
| Protein brownies * | WP, WPC, HWHP, CA, MP & SP | 40–75 g | 10.6–23.0 | 20.0–30.0 | ||
| Protein cakes * | WPC, WP, MPI, SPI & MP | 30–60 g | 7.9–15.0 | 25.0–26.0 | ||
| Protein pancakes * | WPC, SMP | 45 g | 16.0 | 35.5 | ||
| Protein cookies * | WPI, MP, MPI, SP & HWHP | 59–75 g | 13.0–38.0 | 18.0–50.0 ^ | ||
| Protein chocolate * | WPI | 70 g | 19.0–19.5 | 27.0–27.9 | ||
| Protein chocolate bars * | WPC, WP, SMP, MP & MPI | 47–51 g | 10.1–15.0 | 20.2–30.0 | ||
| Protein crisps * | WPI, WP, CA, MPI & SP | 32–50 g | 18.0–20.0 | - | ||
| Protein other * | WPI, WP, SMP, SPI & SPC | 23–36 g | 7.7–9.0 | 25.0–33.4 | ||
| Protein milk * | WP, MP, MPC | 330–500 mL | 25.0 | 5.0–7.6 | ||
| Protein yoghurt * | Quark (milk) | 150–200 g | 15.0–22.0 | 10.0–11.4 | ||
Dash (-) denotes not recorded within study. ^ represents reported by one study only or not reported by all studies within subset. Av outlines average and ONS represents oral nutritional supplement. Protein sources defined as follows: whey protein (WPC: whey protein concentrate; WPI: whey protein isolate; WPH: whey protein hydrolysate: WP: whey protein or powder; WI: whey isolate; HWPI: hydrolysed whey protein isolate); milk related (MP: milk protein; MPC: milk protein concentrate; MPI: milk protein isolate; SMP: skimmed milk powder; CA: caseinates derived); plant related (SP: soya protein; SPI: soya protein isolate or isolate soya protein; SPC: soya protein concentrate; SoF: soy flour; PP: pea protein; PPI: pea protein isolate; HWHP: hydrolysed wheat protein; AF: almond flour; RP: rice protein); and other (CH: collagen hydrolysate). † denotes small differences between studies: Beelen et al. noted protein source as soy and dairy based [26] whereas other studies the protein source was not reported [27,41,42]. Van Til et al. study only reported serving size as slice rather than in grams [41]. ONS and retail market products data * obtained from brands website. ONS describes six ONSs: 1 = Fortisip compact (Nutricia); 2 = Resource energy (Nestle); 3 = Fresubin protein energy drink; 4 = Altraplen compact (Nualtra); 5 = Ensure plus milkshake style; 6 = Aymes complete. ONS soup reflects six soups: 1 = Actasolve Savoury (Aymes); 2 = Vitasavoury (Vitaflo); 3 = Energis soup (Meritene®); 4 = Resource Soup (Nestle); 5 = Fortified soups (Apetito); 6 = Fresubin 2 kcal savoury. ONS juice notes six juices: 1 = Altrajuice (Nualtra); 2 = Ensure Plus Juice; 3 = Fresubin Jucy drink; 4 = Fortijuice (Nutricia); 5 = Aymes ActaJuce; 6 = Aymes ActSolve Smoothie. ONS yoghurt represents four yoghurts: 1 = Ensure plus yoghurt; 2 = Fortisip yoghurt; 3 = Fresubin YoDrink; 4 = Fresubin YOcreme. ONS dessert highlights six desserts: 1 = Forticreme Complete (Nutricia); 2 = Fresubin® 2 kcal Crème; 3 = Ensure plus crème; 4 = Resource Dessert 2.0 (Nestle); 5 = Nutricrem (Nualtra); 6 = Aymes Actacal crème. ONS other signifies jelly (Prosource Jelly; Nutrinovo). Protein milk denotes four milks: 1 = Protein chocolate milk (Arla); 2 = Protein chocolate milk (Dale Farm); 3 = Protein chocolate milk (Maximuscle); 4 = High protein chocolate (For Goodness Shakes). Protein yoghurt reflects three yoghurts: 1 = protein yoghurt (Arla); 2 = Lindahl Kvarg (Nestle); 3 = Protein 22 (Graham’s). Protein cereals notes four cereals: 1 = Protein granola (MyProtein); 2 = Protein granola (Lizi’s); 3 = Protein oats (oomf); 4 = Protein porridge (Fuel). Protein bars represents four bars: 1 = Cereal bar (MyProtein); 2 = Granola bar (MyProtein); 3 = Carb killa (Grenade); 4 = Diet whey bar (PhD). Protein flapjack highlights four flapjacks: 1 = Snickers protein flapjack (Mars); 2 = Oats & whey protein flapjack (MyProtein); 3 = Protein flapjack (Oatein); 4 = Protein flapjack (Bulk). Protein balls signifies four balls: 1 = Choc protein balls (MyProtein); 2 = Energy bites (MyProtein); 3 = Protein ball (The Protein Ball Company); 4 = Chocolate balls (Bulk). Protein brownies denotes four brownies: 1 = Protein brownie (MyProtein); 2 = Protein brownie (Mountain Joe’s); 3 = Protein brownie (The Protein Works); 4 = Oatein brownie. Protein cakes indicates two cakes: 1 = Pop Roll (MyProtein); 2 = Protein cake (PhD Smart). Protein pancakes expresses protein pancake (Nano ä). Protein cookies highlights four cookies: 1 = Protein cookie (MyProtein); 2 = Baked cookie (MyProtein); 3 = Protein cookie (Quest); 4 = Protein cookie (Oatein). Protein chocolate reflects two chocolates: 1 = Protein chocolate (MyProtein); 2 = Protein chocolate (Cocoa+). Protein chocolate bars describes three chocolate bars: 1 = Mars hi-protein chocolate bar; 2 = M&M’s hi-protein bar; 3 = Snickers protein bar. Protein crisps notes two crisps: 1 = Protein crisps (Quest); 2 = Protein crisps (GOT7). Protein other represents two crispies: 1 = Protein choc crispies (MyProtein); 2 = Protein crispies (The Skinny Food Company).