Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Dec 3;27(23):8533. doi: 10.3390/molecules27238533

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

(A) Scheme of the different steps involved in developing a label-free nanoimmunosensor for CEA detection. (a) Bare gold electrodes and modified with (b) PATP, (c) PATP–AuNPs, (d) PATP–AuNPs–anti-CEA, (e) PATP–AuNPs–anti-CEA blocked with BSA, and (f) PATP–AuNPs–anti-CEA incubated with CEA after being blocked with BSA. Adapted from [98] with permission. Copyright Elsevier 2013. (B) Modification of graphene screen-printed electrode (GSPE) by electrochemical oxidation (step 1), covalent immobilization of human serum albumin (HSA) as a natural nanoscaffold (step 2), and covalent immobilization of a Tn antigen to HSA (step 3). The final step is incubation with the analyte protein (step 4) [135]. (C) Schematic representation of the electrochemical biosensor based on GCE modified with rGO-EPA/BMIMPF₆/AuPtNPs. Reproduced from [142] with permission. Copyright Elsevier 2015.