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. 2022 Dec 3;27(23):8533. doi: 10.3390/molecules27238533

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Scheme of fabrication steps of biosensor based on a gold electrode modified with a bioconjugate of GlcNAc-BSA. Galactose transferred from UDP-Gal was specifically recognized by Artocarpus integrifolia lectin (AIA) immobilized on gold nanorods (GNRs) conjugated to xanthine oxidase (XOD). Reproduced from [147] with permission. Copyright Elsevier 2016. (B) Scheme of biosensor construction steps (from left to right): formation of a linker layer (NH₂-terminated alkanethiol-AT) on a gold surface (1st SAM on AuE); deposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and formation of a 2nd mixed SAM layer consisting of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and 6-mercaptohexanol on AuNPs; activation of the carboxyl group, subsequent covalent attachment of SNA I lectin, and finally an application of the lectin biosensor in the biorecognition of a glycoprotein, fetuin (FET). Adapted from [152] with permission. Copyright Elsevier 2013. (C) Scheme of construction steps of the biosensor for detecting PSA and glycoprofiling of PSA by application of lectin. Reproduced from [155] with permission. Copyright Elsevier 2013.