Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included participants.
| Characteristics | N (%/SD/IQR) | Robust (n, %) | Pre-Frail (n, %) | Frail (n, %) * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 411,987 | 161,787 | 228,997 | 21,203 | |
| Mean age (SD), year | 56.32 (8.06) | 56.38 (8.04) | 56.17 (8.10) | 57.58 (7.72) |
| Age, year | ||||
| <65 | 337,623 (81.9) | 132,607 (82.0) | 188,449 (82.3) | 16,567 (78.1) |
| ≥65 | 74,364 (18.1) | 29,180 (18.0) | 40,548 (17.7) | 4636 (21.9) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 221,227 (53.7) | 80,441 (49.7) | 127,373 (55.6) | 13,413 (63.3) |
| Female | 190,760 (46.3) | 81,346 (50.3) | 101,624 (44.4) | 7790 (36.7) |
| Townsend deprivation index (median [IQR]) | −2.28 [−3.71, 0.22] | −2.50 [−3.83, −0.26] | −2.20 [−3.67, 0.36] | −0.95 [−3.05, 2.23] |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| White | 394,334 (95.7) | 156,469 (96.7) | 218,349 (95.4) | 19,516 (92.0) |
| Black | 5178 (1.3) | 1710 (1.1) | 3028 (1.3) | 440 (2.1) |
| Asian | 7234 (1.8) | 1906 (1.2) | 4530 (2.0) | 798 (3.8) |
| Mixed | 2277 (0.6) | 798 (0.5) | 1327 (0.6) | 152 (0.7) |
| other | 2964 (0.7) | 904 (0.6) | 1763 (0.8) | 297 (1.4) |
| Educational level | ||||
| College or University degree | 144,367 (35.0) | 58,895 (36.4) | 80,474 (35.1) | 4998 (23.6) |
| A/AS levels or equivalent | 48,549 (11.8) | 18,874 (11.7) | 27,474 (12.0) | 2201 (10.4) |
| O/GCSEs or equivalent | 88,970 (21.6) | 34,559 (21.4) | 49,860 (21.8) | 4551 (21.5) |
| CSEs or equivalent | 21,460 (5.2) | 8303 (5.1) | 11,929 (5.2) | 1228 (5.8) |
| NVQ/HND/HNC equivalent | 26,656 (6.5) | 11,109 (6.9) | 14,140 (6.2) | 1407 (6.6) |
| Other professional qualifications | 81,985 (19.9) | 30,047 (18.6) | 45,120 (19.7) | 6818 (32.2) |
| General health | ||||
| Excellent | 73,393 (17.8) | 36,053 (22.3) | 36,594 (16.0) | 746 (3.5) |
| Good | 242,870 (59.0) | 102,053 (63.1) | 134,438 (58.7) | 6379 (30.1) |
| Fair | 80,381 (19.5) | 22,304 (13.8) | 49,927 (21.8) | 8150 (38.4) |
| Poor | 15,343 (3.7) | 1377 (0.9) | 8038 (3.5) | 5928 (28.0) |
| Cancer | ||||
| No | 380,589 (92.4) | 150,267 (92.9) | 211,477 (92.3) | 18,845 (88.9) |
| Yes | 31,398 (7.6) | 11,520 (7.1) | 17,520 (7.7) | 2358 (11.1) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 392,321 (95.2) | 157,252 (97.2) | 217,037 (94.8) | 18,032 (85.0) |
| Yes | 19,666 (4.8) | 4535 (2.8) | 11,960 (5.2) | 3171 (15.0) |
| Poor psychological status | ||||
| No | 271,104 (65.8) | 114,638 (70.9) | 146,557 (64.0) | 9909 (46.7) |
| Yes | 140,883 (34.2) | 47,149 (29.1) | 82,440 (36.0) | 11,294 (53.3) |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| No | 294,071 (71.4) | 121,961 (75.4) | 161,137 (70.4) | 10,973 (51.8) |
| Yes | 117,916 (28.6) | 39,826 (24.6) | 67,860 (29.6) | 10,230 (48.2) |
| Family history | ||||
| No | 32,504 (7.9) | 13,537 (8.4) | 17,745 (7.7) | 1222 (5.8) |
| Yes | 370,268 (89.9) | 144,927 (89.6) | 206,038 (90.0) | 19,303 (91.0) |
| Unknown | 9215 (2.2) | 3323 (2.1) | 5214 (2.3) | 678 (3.2) |
| Sleep duration | ||||
| Normal | 300,613 (73.0) | 123,540 (76.4) | 165,231 (72.2) | 11,842 (55.9) |
| Short | 98,229 (23.8) | 34,277 (21.2) | 56,490 (24.7) | 7462 (35.2) |
| Long | 13,145 (3.2) | 3970 (2.5) | 7276 (3.2) | 1899 (9.0) |
| Tea intake (median [IQR]), cups/day | 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 3.00 [1.00, 5.00] |
| Coffee intake | ||||
| No | 88,392 (21.5) | 32,851 (20.3) | 49,563 (21.6) | 5978 (28.2) |
| Yes | 323,595 (78.5) | 128,936 (79.7) | 179,434 (78.4) | 15,225 (71.8) |
* All p values < 0.0001.