Table 8.
The effects of tomato pomace on ruminants.
| References | Breed | Age | Type | Level, % | Performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goat | |||||
| [33] | Comisana | 45 days | DTP | Feel free to provide | Increased L*, b*, C*, and H*. No effect on growth performance and lipid oxidation. |
| Decreased TBARS. | |||||
| [155] | Markhoz | BW: 18.6 ± 0.7 kg | DTP | 10, 20, 30 | No effect on body weight, hot carcass, slaughter rate, carcass length, blood sugar, total protein, urea, or cholesterol. Increased crude fat and crude protein content in muscle at 30%. |
| [156] | Ossimi | BW: 19.25 ± 0.18 kg | DTP | 5, 10, 15 | No effect on the digestion of DM and CP and total blood lipids. Increased digestibility of OM, CF, EE, and NFE at 10% or 15%. Increased FW, TBWG, ADG, and TVFA. Decreased rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration. |
| [157] | Awassi | 3–6 years | DTP | 30 | Decreased milk production and milk protein content. Increased milk fat content, n-6:n-3 ratio. No effect on conjugated linoleic acid ratio. |
| [18] | Saanen | BW: 46.2 ± 7.50 kg | DTP | 20, 40, 60 | Reduced weight at 60%. Increased milk production and fat mass at 20% and 40%. No effect on feed efficiency and feed conversion ratio, blood glucose, cholesterol, urea, albumin, T3, and T4. |
| [158] | Murciano-Granadina | BW: 39.4 ± 5.39 kg | DTP | 35 | No effect on nutrient apparent digestibility, the urinary excretion of total purine derivatives, milk production and composition, or total bacterial and methanogen abundance. |
| Decreased N in urine, microbial N flux in rumen, NH3-N and CH4. | |||||
| Cattle | |||||
| [159] | Holstein cow | -- | ETP | 10 | No effect on milk yield and composition. Increased vitamin concentration in milk, DM intake, and digestibility. Increased concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum aspartate aminotransferase, antioxidants, IgA, IgG, and IgM. |
| [160] | Xinjiang brown cow | -- | FTP | 14 | Increased DMI and 4% fat-corrected milk. No effect on average milk yield, feed conversion ratio, milk fat, protein, or total solids. Reduced feed costs and increased benefits. |
| [161] | Holstein cow | BW: 594.2 ± 37.8 kg | ETP | 7.5, 15 | No effect on dry matter and nutrient intake. No effect on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF, or ADF. No effect on fecal and rumen pH, or rumen ammonia. No effect on daily milk production, or the percentages of milk protein and fatty acids. Reduced total blood protein. |
ADF = acid detergent fiber; ADG = average daily gain; b∗ = yellowness; CF = crude fiber; C* = Chroma; CP = crude protein; DM = dry matter; DMI = dry matter intake; DTP = dry tomato pomace; EE = ether extract; ETP = ensiled tomato pomace; FTP = fermented tomato pomace; FW = final weight; H* = hue; L* = lightness; NDF = neutral detergent fiber; NFE = nitrogen free extract; OM = organic matter; TBARS = 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBWG= total body weight gain; TVFA = total volatile fatty acids.