Table 1.

Facial and neck landmarks with their abbreviations, explanations, and known precisions. Known precision is scored as poor (>3 mm), fair (2–3 mm), moderate (1–2 mm), good (0.5–1 mm), or very good (<0.5 mm).

Landmark	Abbreviation	Explanation	Precision
Alare	A	The most lateral point on the alar contour.	Moderate [17,18] to good [19,20]
Cheilion	Ch	The point located at the labial commissure.	Very good [19,20]
Endocanthion	En	The soft tissue point at the inner commissure of the eye fissure.	Good [20] to very good [17,19]
Exocanthion	Ex	The soft tissue point at the outer commissure of the eye fissure.	Good [19,20] to very good [17,18]
Soft tissue gonion	Go’	The most posterior inferior point of the soft tissue over the angle of the mandible. Can also be constructed by bisecting the angle formed by the intersection of the mandibular plane and ramus of the mandible.	Poor [17,18,19,20]
Soft tissue hyoid	H’	The soft tissue midpoint at the transition between head and neck.	Not available *
Neck inferior	Ninf	Most inferior point of the (included) neck area, following skin tension lines.	Not available *
Neck middle	Nmid	The midpoint of the (included) neck area, following skin tension lines.	Not available *
Neck superior	Nsup	Most superior point of the neck area, following skin tension lines.	Not available *
Otobasion inferior	OBI	The most inferior point on the earlobe, located at the attachment of the ear to the face.	Good [18] to very good [19]
Otobasion superior	OBS	The most superior point of the ear, located at the attachment of the ear to the face.	Not available
Soft tissue pogonion	Pg’	The most anterior midpoint of soft tissue over the mandibular symphysis.	Good [19,20]
Subnasal	Sn	The midpoint on the nasolabial soft tissue contour between the columnella crest and the upper lip.	Good [17,19]
Tragus	T	Cartilage prominence of the external ear, in front of the concha.	Not available

* Newly defined landmarks.