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. 2022 Nov 30;11(23):7130. doi: 10.3390/jcm11237130

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Diagnosis of ADB in patients with CKD. Diagnosis mainly relies on bone biopsy, gold standard, and reduced bone-formation and bone-resorption markers. ADB: adynamic bone, BSAP: bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, BMD: bone-mineral density, BTM: bone-turnover markers, CKD: chronic kidney disease, DKK-1: Dickkopf-related protein-1, DXA: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, iPTH: intact parathyroid hormone, MRI: magnetic-resonance imaging, P1NP: procollagen type 1 N-terminal pro-peptide, PET: positron emission tomography, QCT: quantitative computed tomography, TAP: total alkaline phosphatase, TMV: turnover/mineralization/volume, TRAP 5B: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, μCT: micro-computed tomography.