Table 1.
Lipid, inflammatory, and oxidative stress profiles in COVID-19 patients vs. healthy controls at the time of hospital admission.
| Global COVID-19 (n = 108) |
Controls (n = 28) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory markers | |||
| CRP, mg/L | 83.5 [38–151.2] | 10 [7–10] | <0.001 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 800 [470–1713] | 255 [224–330] | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 731 [412–1500] | NA | NA |
| Lymphocytes, cells/mm3 | 945 [630–1221] | 2255 [1545–2485] | <0.001 |
| Cytokines and chemokines | |||
| IL-1β, pg/mL | 6.62 [2.71–13.2] | 2.49 [1.76–2.81] | <0.001 |
| IL-1RA, pg/mL | 604.7 [258.6–1282.5] | 72.5 [45.9–87.1] | <0.001 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 13.07 [6.57–29.45] | 8.69 [5.95–10.01] | 0.010 |
| IL-7, pg/mL | 1.67 [0.72–3.58] | 0.72 [0.50–0.82] | <0.001 |
| IL-17A, pg/mL | 7.03 [3.11–18.33] | 2.03 [1.59–2.32] | <0.001 |
| IL-18, pg/mL | 47.2 [25–76.55] | 14.53 [11.89–32.3] | <0.001 |
| IP-10, pg/mL | 45.55 [29.07–71.30] | 5.56 [3.07–7.34] | <0.001 |
| Oxidative markers | |||
| 8-OHdG a, pg/mL | 8373 [5445–12,497] | 7925 [5130–9722] | 0.246 |
| ABTS b , µM | 2264 [1938–2462] | 2510 [2371–2768] | <0.001 |
| FRAP b , µM | 453.8 [385.7–576.1] | 700.7 [554.1–796.4] | <0.001 |
| LPO c , µM | 2123 [1250–3249] | 284 [174–509] | <0.001 |
| Protein carbonyl d , nmol/mg prot. | 10.8 [7.2–14.6] | 5.6 [4.4–8.07] | <0.001 |
| Lipid profile | |||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 140 [117.5–159.5] | 175 [164–197] | <0.001 |
| LDL-c, mg/dL | 71.3 [60.4–93.5] | 98 [84.4–125.6] | 0.002 |
| HDL-c, mg/dL | 35 [29.2–44] | 59 [50.4–65.3] | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 119 [94.5–153.5] | 89.5 [83–127] | 0.027 |
| TC/HDL-c | 3.68 [3.18–4.66] | 2.9 [2.52–3.83] | 0.008 |
Values are expressed as median (IQR). Significant values (p < 0.05) are bold. Abbreviations: ABPS—2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthioziozline-6-sulfonic acid; CRP—C-reactive protein; FRAP—ferric reducing antioxidant power; HDL-c—high-density cholesterol; IL—interleukin; IP-10—Interferon-γ-Inducible Protein 10; LDL-c—low-density cholesterol; LPO—lipid peroxidation; NA—not applicable; TC/HDL-c—total cholesterol/high-density cholesterol ratio; TG—triglycerides. a Evaluates oxidative DNA damage, b Evaluates total antioxidant capacity, c Evaluates oxidative damage to lipids, d Evaluates oxidative damage to proteins.