. 2022 Nov 30;23(23):15013. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315013

Table 1.

A list of research studies evaluating out the role of microRNA that play a role in oxidative-stress mechanisms involved in heart failure according to the sections.

No.	miRNA	Ref.	Type of Study ¹	Techniqe ²	Main Conclusion
3.1 Mitochondrial integrity and function
1	miRNA-690	Wang, X. et al. (2017) [24]	animal	RT qRT-PCR	microRNAs were enriched in mitochondria during heart failure, which establishes a link between microRNA and mitochondrion in heart failure.
	miRNA-696
	miRNA-532-5p
	miRNA-345-3p
2	miRNA-122	Shi, Y. et al. (2021) [25]	animal	qRT-PCR with the miRCute Enhanced Fluorescence Quantitative Assay Kit (Tiangen)	miR-122 causes cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting Hand2 transcription factor and consequently increasing mitochondrial fission. This mechanism likely contributes to heart failure and modulating this pathway could be therapeutically valuable against heart failure.
3	miRNA-15b	Roy, S. et al. (2013) [26]	animal/in vivo	qRT-PCR	Suppression of inducible miRNA-15b can prevent rapid loss of cardiac function in an animal adult heart and can be a key approach worthy of therapeutic consideration.
3.2 Antioxidant defence
4	miRNA-27a	Tian, C. et al. (2018) [27]	animal/in vivo	qRT-PCR	Increased expression of local microRNAs induced by myocardial infarction may contribute to oxidative stress by the inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2) translation in chronic heart failure.
	miRNA-28-3p
	miRNA-34a
5	miRNA-27a *	Tian, C. et al. (2020) [28]	animal/in vivo	qRT-PCR	Cardiac fibroblast-secretion of miRNA27a *-enriched extracellular vesicles (EV) might act as a paracrine signaling mediator of cardiac hypertrophy and may have a potential to become novel therapeutic target.
6	miRNA-24-3p	Shimizu, T. et al. (2020) [29]	animal	RNA-sequencing, western blot, ELISA	Protein kinase R–like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK)-mediated suppression of miRNAs by sildenafil improves cardiac dysfunction in heart failure.
3.3 Iron overload and ferroptosis
7	miRNA-224-5p	Zheng, H. et al. (2021) [30]	animal	qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, luciferase reporter assay	Circulatory RNA (circRNA), microRNA(miRNA) and mRNA work in a regulatory network and reveal potential targets for the treatment of heart failure.
	miRNA-296-3p
	miRNA-671-5p
	miRNA-1306-5p
	miRNA-3082-5p
3.4 Cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling
8	miRNA-21-3p	Zhao, Y. et al. (2018) [31]	animal	miRNA microarray, bioinforma-tic analysis, qRT-PCR, Western blot	The injection of Yiqifumai (YQFM) has a potential effect which alleviates cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis in chronic heart failure by miRNA expression regulation.
	miRNA216-5p
	miRNA-219a-2-3p
	miRNA-381-3p
	miRNA-466c-5p
	miRNA-542-3p
	miRNA-702-5p
9	miRNA-93	Su, Q. et al. (2019) [32]	animal/in vivo	RT qRT-PCR, ELISA, Western blot	Upregulated miR-93 and downregulated LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1) reduce cardiac dysfunction and improve ventricular remodelling in rats with chronic heart failure.
10	miRNA-142-5p	Sharma, S. et al. (2012) [33]	animal/in vivo	qRT-PCR, Western blot	Downregulation of miR-142 is a critical element of adaptive cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to hemodynamic stress.
10	miRNA-142-3p	Sharma, S. et al. (2012) [33]	animal/in vivo	qRT-PCR, Western blot
11	miRNA-195-5p	Shen, Y. et al. (2020) [34]	animal	RT qRT-PCR	Depleting miR-195-5p and up-regulating Chemokine receptor type 4 alleviates cardiac function injury in mice with heart failure and may be a potential candidate marker and therapeutic target for heart failure.
For Section 3.4 see also research studies no.: 4 [27] and 5 [28].
3.5 Apoptosis
12	miRNA-454	Wang, Y. et al. (2021) [35]	animal	RT qRT-PCR, Western blot	The cardioprotective role of miR-454 is achieved through activation of the cyclic adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate(cAMP).
3.6 Human studies
13	miRNA-129-5p	Ramachandran, S. et al. (2017) [36]	human	isolation of mir129-5p from plasma microvesicles, qRT-PCR	miR129-5p was found to be a sensitive and specific biomarker for heart failure in univentricular heart disease in pediatric patients independent of ventricular morphology or stage of palliation.
14	miRNA-208a	Mohammadi et al. (2021) [37]	human	qRT-PCR	The results on different populations of cardiovascular patients (after myocardial infarction, with arrhythmia, heart failure etc.) showed increases in both oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptotic factors, and in the expression of miR-208a.
3.7 Therapeutic potential
15	miRNA-15b	Roy, S. et al. (2013) [26]	animal/in vivo	qRT-PCR	Suppression of inducible miRNA-15b can prevent rapid loss of cardiac function in an animal adult heart and can be a key approach worthy of therapeutic consideration.
For Section 3.5 see also research studies no.: 5 [28] and 11 [34].

¹ Types of study include: review, human—study based on human participants, animal—study based on animal models, in vivo—study based on research inside the organism. ² qRT-PCR—quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, RT qRT-PCR—Reverse Transcriptase quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, *—passenger strand.