Table 3.
Pollutants sorption performance by semi-IPN/IPN composite hydrogels.
| Semi-IPN/IPN Hydrogels | Pollutants | qmax, mg/g | Comments | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EDTA-g-CS/PAAm DN hydrogel | Cd(II) Cu(II) Pb(II) |
86.00 99.44 138.41 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5, 6h, 298 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Ni(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II) > Mn(II); Reusability: 94.1% (5 cycles). |
[43] |
| PAAm/St-g-PAA semi-IPN hydrogel | Cu(II) Cd(II) Ni(II) Zn(II) |
40.72 19.27 9.31 7.48 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 4.7, 24h, T = 295 K; Fitting: Sips. |
[76] |
| CS-g-PAA/Gel semi-IPN hydrogel | Cu(II) | 261.08 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5.75, 1h, 293 K, dose 2 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 95.2% (5 cycles). |
[77] |
| Pec/P(AAm-co-AGA) semi-IPN hydrogel | Cu(II) Ni(II) |
203.7 121.7 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5, 24h, 341 K, dose 0.2 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: Ni(II) > Cu(II) > Co(II) Reusability: 92% (5 cycles). |
[78] |
| CMC/PAAm semi-IPN hydrogel | Cu(II) Pb(II) Cd(II) |
227.3 312.5 256.4 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5.5, 24 h, 298K, dose 0.5 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 90.9% (3 cycles); Application in catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. |
[79] |
| α-ketoglutaric acid-g-CS/PAAm semi-IPN hydrogel | Cu(II) Pb(II) Zn(II) |
72.39 51.89 61.41 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5, 4 h, 303 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II) > Cd(II) Reusability: 90% (5 cycles). |
[80] |
| XG/PAA/Cloisite15A semi-IPN hydrogel | Co(II) Cu(II) Ni(II) |
436.62 530.14 511.74 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: 24 h, 298 K; Fitting: Temkin/PSO; Reusability: 30% (5 cycles). |
[81] |
| Lignin/CS/PAAm IPN hydrogel | Pb(II) Cu(II) Cd(II) |
374.32 196.68 268.98 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5, 2h, 298 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Freundlich/PSO; Selectivity: preferential sorption of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) over Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II) ions; Reusability: 100% (5 cycles). |
[82] |
| St/PAA IPN hydrogel | Cd(II) | 256.4 | Batch/Column; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5, 4h, 298 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: preferential sorption for Pb(II) and Cd(II) over Zn(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions; Reusability: 97.7% (5 cycles). |
[42] |
| ALG/PAA/GO DN hydrogel | Cd(II) | 115.65 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 6, 12h, 313 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PFO; Selectivity: Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Mn(II) Reusability: 40% (5 cycles). |
[44] |
| ALG-g-PAA/PVA semi-IPN hydrogel | Pb(II) | 784.97 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5, 2 h; 303 K, dose 2 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 93.6% (5 cycles). |
[83] |
| GG/XG/PAA semi IPN hydrogel | Pb(II) Hg(II) |
111.6 86.4 |
Batch; Monocomponent Parameters: pH 5, 24 h, 300 K, dose 1 g/L. |
[84] |
| Pul-g-PAAm semi-IPN hydrogel | Hg(II) | 1725 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: 1.5 h, 292 K, dose 0.01 g; Fitting: Freundlich/PSO; Selectivity: minor change of Hg(II) sorbed amount in the presence of Ca(II), Fe(III), Mg(II) and Zn(II); Reusability: 86% (3 cycles). |
[85] |
| CS/PAAm IPN cryogels | MB | 750 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5.5, 24 h, 298 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Sips/PFO; Selective sorbent for MB in its mixture with MO; Reusability: 100% (4 cycles). |
[86] |
| PAA-g-St/PAAm semi-IPN cryogels | MB | 443.7 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 6.5, 24 h, 298 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Sips/PFO; Reusability: 100% (6 cycles). |
[87] |
| PAA-g-St/PAA semi-IPN cryogels | MB | 667.7 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 6.5, 24 h, 298 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Sips/PFO; Reusability: 100% (6 cycles). |
[87] |
| ALG/P(AAm-co-AA) semi-IPN hydrogel | BF MV |
763 550 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 24 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir /PSO; Reusability: 98% (5 cycles). |
[88] |
| St/P(AAm-co-HEMA) semi-IPN hydrogel | MG MV |
388 315 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 24 h, 298 K, dose 5 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir /PSO; Reusability: 98.5% (5 cycles). |
[89] |
| PAA/PVA/yeast IPN hydrogel | MB | 629 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 8, 24 h, 303 K, dose 1 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: MB > ST > MO > AF at pH 10 Reusability: 81.5% (5 cycles). |
[90] |
| CS/PEG-co-AAm semi-IPN hydrogel | AR18 AO7 MO |
342.54 221 185.24 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 2, 24 h, 298 K, dose 0.6 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO. |
[91] |
| CS/St semi-IPN hydrogel | DR80 | 340.86 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 3, 5 h, 323 K, dose 0.5 g/L; Fitting: Freundlich/PSO; DR80 sorbed amount decreased in the presence of competing anions: Cl− < NO3− < SO42− <PO43−; Reusability: 75% (4 cycles). |
[92] |
| PDMAEMA/CMCS IPN hydrogel | ST IC |
126 130.5 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 3, 72 h, 298K, dose 1.5 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PFO; Selective for ST at pH > 3; Simultaneous removal of ST and IC at pH 3; Reusability: 93% (3 cycles). |
[93] |
| Zr-loaded magnetic CS/PVA IPN hydrogel | H2PO4− | 54.08 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5, 24 h, dose 0.25 g/L, 309 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PFO; Selectivity: Small decrease of H2PO4− sorbed amount in the presence of humic acid, Cl−, HCO3−, NO3− or SO42−; Reusability: 96% (5 cycles). |
[94] |
| CS/PEI IPN hydrogel | H2PO4− | 343 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 3, 298 K, dose 0.75 g/L; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: Low influence from competing anions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−); Reusability: 92% (5 cycles). |
[95] |
| CS/PEI/PDMAEMA IPN sponges |
H2PO4− | 408.89 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 4, 24 h, 296 K, dose 0.75 g/L; Fitting: Sips/PSO; Selectivity: Low influence from competing anions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−); Reusability: 95% (5 cycles). |
[39] |
Abbreviations: AO7—Acid Orange 7; AF—Acid fuchsin; AR18—Acid Red 18; BF—basic fuchsin; DR80—Direct Red 80; EDTA—ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid; HEMA—hydroxyethyl methacrylate; IC—Indigo carmin; MB—methylene blue; MG—malachite green; MV—methyl violet; PAA—poly(acrylic acid); PAAm—poly(acrylamide); P(AAm-co-AGA)—poly(acrylamide-co-acrylamidoglycolic acid); PDMAEMA—poly [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]; PEG—poly(ethyene glycol); PEI—poly(ethyleneimine); PVA—poly(vinyl alcohol); ST—Safranine T.