Table 4.
Pollutant sorption performance by different polysaccharide-based composite hydrogels.
| Organic Composite Hydrogels | Pollutants | qmax, (mg/g) | Comments | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CS/St-g-PAN cryobeads | Cu(II) Ni(II) Co(II) |
100.6 83.25 74.01 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5 for Cu(II) and pH 6 for Ni(II) and Co(II), dose 1 g/L, 300 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 95% (5 cycles). |
[106] |
| CS/St-g-PAMOX beads | Cu(II) | 238.14 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 4.5, dose 5 g/L, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: >98% (5 cycles). |
[23] |
| Glucan/CS hydrogels | Cu(II) Co(II) Ni(II) Pb(II) Cd(II) |
342 232 184 395 269 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 3 h, 293 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO. |
[27] |
| Sulfonate modified CS/Arabic gum biosorbent | U(VI) | 471.24 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 4, 20 min, 325 K; Fitting: Sips/PFO; Selective for U(VI) in mixture with Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Mg (II), Al(III) and Ca(II) at pH > 4.17; Reusability: 97% (5 cycles). |
[107] |
| P(AA-co-DMAEMA)/CS aerogels | Cu(II) | 131.6 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 6, 8 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Desorption performed by CO2 bubbling => no side products; Reusability: 70% (6 cycles). |
[108] |
| CEL/CS aerogels | Cu(II) | 260.41 | Batch/Column; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: Cu(II)–pH 6 and 250 min, CR–pH 8 and 800 min; Fitting: Langmuir /PSO/Thomas/Yoon–Nelson; Synergetic influence of preadsorbed CR on Cu(II) sorption, and vice versa. |
[109] |
| CR | 380.23 | |||
| ALG/PEI hydrogels | Cu(II) Pb(II) |
322.6 344.8 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5.5, 7 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Application in catalytic reduction of nitrophenols. |
[110] |
| PVA/ALG hydrogel beads | Pb(II) | 139.37 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5 for Pb(II) and pH 3 for Cr(VI), 6 h, 298 K; Fitting models: Langmuir /PSO; Tested in electroplating, municipal and river wastewaters; Reusability: 85% (5 cycles). |
[111] |
| PVA/ALG/CS hydrogel beads | Cr(VI) | 86.14 | ||
| ALG/XG beads–freeze dried | MB | 545.6 | Batch/Column; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 298 K; Reusability: 87% (4 cycles). |
[112] |
| SL-g-(AAm-co-sodium allylsulfonate) | RhB | 71.6 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/ PSO; Reusability: 85.76% (5 cycles) |
[113] |
| kCG/PGMA hydrogel beads | MB | 166.62 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 4 h; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 83.3% (5 cycles). |
[114] |
| PANI/ALG | MB RhB Orange-II MO |
555.5 434.78 476.19 146.66 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixtures; Parameters: pH 3 (Orange-II and MO) and pH 9 (MB and RhB), 4 h, 308 K; Fitting: Langmuir /PSO; Selective for anionic dyes (MO and Orange-II) at pH 3 and for cationic dyes (MB and RhB) at pH 9. |
[115] |
| TA/PVA/ALG hydrogel beads | MB | 147.06 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 10, 12 h, 303 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 81% (5 cycles). |
[116] |
| HESt/P(APTMACl) hydrogels | MV MO |
6.62 238.1 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH > 6, 24 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PFO; Selectivity: HESt/P(APTMACl) for anionic dyes, and HESt/PAA for cationic dyes. |
[117] |
| HESt/PAA hydrogels | MV MO |
185.2 2.84 |
||
| HESt/PAAm hydrogels | MV MO |
9.17 3.33 |
||
| CEL-g-P(AA-co-PAAm) biosorbents | MB Acid blue 93 |
1372 1372 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 7, 80 min, 498 K; Fitting: Freundlich/PSO; Selectivity: moderate sorption performance loss in binary dye systems, and in the presence of small counterions and surfactants; Reusability: 85% (3 cycles). |
[118] |
| XG-g-P(AMPS-co-AAm) | MB | 384.62 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 3 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 83.5% (6 cycles). |
[119] |
| St-g-PAA | MB | 2967.66 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 9, 6 h, 308 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 72% (4 cycles). |
[120] |
| CS/PVAm/IEx cryobeads | Cr(VI) | 317.94 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5.5, dose 1.25 g/L, 200 min; Fitting: Langmuir /PFO; Reusability: >60% (5 cycles). |
[121] |
| PEI/CMC hollow beads | Cr(VI) H2PO4− |
535.39 150.65 |
Batch/Column; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: Cr(VI): pH 2, 400 min; H2PO4−: pH 3, 200 min; Fitting: Langmuir /PFO/Thomas; Selectivity: phosphate sorption significantly decreased in the presence of F− and SO42−; Reusability: Cr(VI)–6 cycles; H2PO4−–22 cycles. |
[122] |
| CMC/CMCS hydrogels | H2PO4− | 93.5 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 2, 6 h, 298 K; Fitting: PSO; Selectivity: influence of competing ions followed the order Cl− < NO3− < SO42−. |
[123] |
| CEL/PEI aerogels | Cr(VI) | 229.1 | Batch/Column; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 2, flow rate: 1 to 3 mL/min; Fitting: Freundlich/PSO; Selectivity: PO43− and SiO32− significantly reduced Cr(VI) sorption performance; Reusability: >80% (5 cycles). |
[124] |
| NaLS/PEI/ALG beads | Cr(VI) | 2500 | Batch/Column; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 2, 6 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: minimum influence from humic acids and coexisting anions; Applied in secondary electroplating wastewater treatment in columns. |
[125] |
Abbreviations: HESt—hidroxyethyl starch; IEx—ion exchange resins; kCG–k-carrageenan; NaLS—sodium lignosulfonate; PAMOX—poly(amidoxime); P(AMPS-co-AAm)—poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid)-co-acrylamide); PAN—polyacrylonitrile; PANI—polyaniline; P(APTMACl)—poly(3-(acrylamidopropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride); PGMA—poly(glycidyl methacrylate); PVAm—polyvinylamine; RhB—rhodamine B; TA—tanic acid.