Table 5.
The pollutants sorption performance by different organic/inorganic composite hydrogels.
| Organic/Inorganic Composite Hydrogels | Pollutants | qmax, (mg/g) | Comments | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CS/MMT beads | Cu(II) Ni(II) Pb(II) Zn(II) |
13.04 12.18 29.85 13.50 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 8, 1 h, 298 K; Fitting: Freundlich, Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II). |
[137] |
| Magnetic bentonite-CS beads | Cs(I) | 57.1 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 8.5, 8 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/ PSO; Selective for Cs(I) in its mixture with Li(I), Na(I), K(I) and Mg(II); Reusability: 95–100% (5 cycles). |
[138] |
| P(AMOX)-g-CS/bentonite composite | U(VI) | 49.09 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 8, 1 h, 303 K; Fitting: Langmuir/ PSO; Selectivity: U(VI) >> Pb(II) >> Cd(II) >> Cu(II) > Ni(II) >> Fe(III); Reusability: 95% (6 cycles). |
[139] |
| CSEDTA-CPL cryobeads | Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Ni(II) |
145.55 | Column; Mixture; Parameters: pH 4.5, Flow rate = 1 mL/min; Fitting: Thomas/Yoon–Nelson; Selectivity: Ni(II) > Pb(II) ≥ Cd(II) > Zn(II) > Co(II). |
[29] |
| ALG/biochar beads | La(III) Ce(III) Pr(III) Nd(III) |
88.03 123.95 125.53 107.14 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5, 8 h, 293 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 97% (6 cycles). |
[140] |
| ALG/CPL beads | La(III) Ce(III) Pr (III) Nd(III) |
18.04 30.58 34.44 19.33 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5, 8 h, 293 K; Fitting: Langmuir/ PSO; Reusability: 97% (6 cycles). |
[140] |
| XG-Glutathione/Zeolite nanocomposites | Pb(II) Ni(II) CR |
42.91 47.98 40 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 4 for Pb(II), 5 for Ni(II) and 2.1 for CR, 2 h for Pb(II) and Ni(II)) and 4 h for CR, 293 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 60% (5 cycles). |
[141] |
| Ion imprinted SL/GO sponges | Hg(II) | 413.6 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 7, 1 h, 293 K; F itting: Freundlich/PSO; Selective for Hg(II) in its mixture with Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II); Reusability: 95% (5 cycles). |
[142] |
| Ion imprinted SL/GO aerogels | Cd(II) | 412.5 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 6–8, 1 h, 293 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selective for Cd(II) in its mixture with Cu(II), Pb(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), Fe(III) and NH4+; Reusability: >95% (5 cycles). |
[143] |
| Fe3O4/Glycine-modified CS composites | Ni(II) Zn(II) Hg(II) |
29.5 30.55 70.0 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 5–6, 8 h, 294 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: Hg(II) >> Pb(II) >> Cu(II) >> Ni(II) >> Zn(II); Reusability: 98% (3 cycles). |
[144] |
| Fe3O4/CS-g-AMOX microparticles | U(VI) | 328.44 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 3, 40 min; Fitting: Freundlich/PFO; Selective for U(VI) over Zr(IV) at pH 4 Reusability: 96% (5 cycles); Tested in real ore leachate wastewater. |
[145] |
| Fe3O4/CS-g-hydrazinyl amine microparticles | Zr(IV) | 178.36 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 4, 1 h; Fitting: Freundlich /PFO; Selectivity: equally binds U(VI) and Zr(IV); Reusability: 97% (5 cycles). |
[145] |
| Magnetic Xanthate-Modified CS/PAA Hydrogels | Cu(II) Cd(II) Pb(II) Co(II) |
206 178 168 140 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5.5, 4 h, 303 K; Fitting: Langmuir, Freundlich/PFO; Reusability: >50% (10 cycles). |
[146] |
| Arginine functionalized Fe3O4/CS beads | Cu(II), Co(II) Ni(II) |
172.4 161.2 103.0 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 6, 160 min, 303 K; Fitting: Freundlich/PSO; Reusability: 70% (4 cycles). |
[147] |
| γ-MnO2/CSEDTA/Fe3O4 nanocomposites | Zn(II) Pb(II) |
310.4 136.0 |
Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 6, 2 h, 293 K; Fitting models: Langmuir/PSO; Selectivity: simultaneous removal of Zn(II) and Pb(II); Reusability: 85% (8 cycles). |
[148] |
| PEI/CS/α-MnO2 foams | U(VI) | 301.9 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 4.5, 2 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selective for U(VI) in the presence of Th(IV), Eu(III), Fe(III), Al(III), Co(II), Pb(II), Ni(II) or Cu(II); Reusability: 87% (5 cycles). |
[149] |
| ALG/bentonite/biochar beads | MB | 47.39 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 6–8, 2 h, 303 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO. |
[150] |
| ALG/CPL beads | MB | 452.25 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5.5, 6 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 100% (3 cycles). |
[151] |
| CEL/clay/ALG composites | MB | 38.00 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 11, 1 h, 303 K; Fitting: Freundlich/PSO. |
[152] |
| CMC/kCG/MMT beads | MB | 12.25 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 6–10, 2 h, 303 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 95% (5 cycles). |
[153] |
| Polydopamine/MMT/Pul hydrogel composites | CV | 112.45 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: 6 h, 310 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selective for cationic dyes (CV, MB); Reusability: 95% (4 cycles). |
[154] |
| CMC/CS/TiO2@MMT | MB | 283.9 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 8, 2 h, 298 K; Fitting: Sips/PFO and PSO; Reusability: 95% (5 cycles). |
[155] |
| ALG/GO beads | MB | 12.64 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7.78, 12 h, 298 K; Fitting: Freundlich. |
[156] |
| St/GO composites | MB | 500.0 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 4 h, 318 K; Fitting: Freundlich. |
[157] |
| ALG/GO@Fe3O4/CS beads | MB NR ST |
21.32 44.65 44.31 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 2 h; Fitting: PFO; Reusability: >90% (5 cycles). |
[158] |
| XG-g-(PAA-co-PAMPS)/GO hydrogel composites | CV | 1566.97 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 7, 1 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Selective for CV over MO; Reusability: >95% (20 cycles). |
[159] |
| ALG-g-PAA/graphite porous hydrogels | MG | 628.93 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 1 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 91% (3 cycles). |
[160] |
| MMT/St/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites | MV MB |
43.95 47.51 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 6, 40 min, 318 K; Fitting: Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson/PFO; Reusability: 70% (8 cycles). |
[161] |
| CPL/St/CoFe2O4 | CV MB MV |
32.84 31.81 31.15 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 9, 1 h, 303 K; Fitting: Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson/PFO; Reusability: 70% (10 cycles). |
[162] |
| Aminated Fe3O4/CS microspheres | RBR | 549.39 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 7, 2 h, 293 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PFO. |
[163] |
| Fe3O4/CS-g-PMAA microspheres | MB | 103.9 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 10, 2h, 293 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PFO. |
|
| Magnetic CS/GO/PEI nanocomposites | As(III) Hg(II) CR Amaranth |
220.26 124.84 162.07 93.81 |
Batch; Monocomponent; Fitting: Langmuir /PSO; Reusability: 60–95% depends on pollutant (5 cycles). |
[164] |
| PVA/ALG/palygorskite beads | H2PO4− | 33.2 | Batch; Monocomponent/Mixture; Parameters: pH 4, 6 h, 313 K; Fitting: Freundlich/PSO; Selectivity in the presence of co-existing anions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−F−); Reusability: 100% (5 cycles). |
[165] |
| Biochar-ALG/PEI composite beads | HCrO4− | 769.2 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 2, 24 h, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 50% (6 cycles); Tests on Cr(VI) removal from electroplating wastewater. |
[166] |
| MOF-808/CS composites | Cr2O72− | 320.00 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 5, 30 min, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 72% (6 cycles); Selectivity in the presence of PO43−, SO42, NO3− and Cl− anions. |
[167] |
| GO/CS composite aerogels | HCrO4− Cr2O72− |
146 | Batch; Monocomponent; Parameters: pH 2.5, 120 min, 298 K; Fitting: Langmuir/PSO; Reusability: 58% (5 cycles); Selectivity in the presence of interfering ions: Cu(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), SO42−, or PO43−. |
[168] |
Abbreviations: CPL—clinoptilolite; CV—crystal violet; NR—neutral red; MMT—montmorilonite.