Table 6.

Current findings about adipokines and insulin resistance in HS.

References	Type of Source	Aim	Results	Conclusion
Malara et al., 2018 [50]	case-control study (n = 30; gender unknown) compared to psoriasis, nondiabetic obese (BMI > 30), and lean control groups (BMI < 25)	analysis of adipokines (adiponectin, resistin, and leptin) in serum in HS	−serum level of adiponectin was decreased significantly in HS in comparison with healthy lean controls −adiponectin was decreased significantly in the nondiabetic obese group compared with the psoriasis group and healthy lean controls −resistin and leptin were increased significantly in HS compared with healthy controls	Serum levels of adipokines are dysregulated in HS and are associated with obesity.
Vilanova et al., 2018 [60]	cross-sectional, case-control study (n = 76; 39 female and 37 male)	aim was to analyze the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in patients with HS	−median homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) value in HS patients was significantly higher than in controls (p = 0.01; irrespective of age, sex, and BMI)	Increased frequency of IR in HS.
Akdogan et al., 2018 [51]	case-control study (n = 40; 17 female and 23 male)	aim was to evaluate serum visfatin levels (SVLs), insulin levels (SILs), and insulin resistance (IR) in HS	−SVLs, SILs, and IR were significantly higher in HS (p = 0.02, p = 0.001, p < 0.001)	HS patients have higher SVL, SIL, and IR values than healthy controls—independent of BMI and smoking status.
González-López et al., 2020 [52]	case-control study (n = 76; 40 female and 36 male)	aim was to analyze serum concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin in non-diabetic patients with HS	−serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower, and resistin and visfatin levels were significantly higher in HS patients than in controls (irrespective of age, sex, and BMI) −no association between serum levels of adipokines and HS severity	Adipokines might play a role in development of insulin resistance.
González-López et al., 2020 [57]	cross-sectional, case-control study (n = 77; 40 female and 37 male)	aim was to determine the serum levels of Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and ghrelin in HS, and to assess the relationship between these levels and IR, disease severity, and HS risk	−RBP4 is higher, and ghrelin is lower in HS than controls −RBP4 levels were positively correlated to disease severity and IR in HS −no association between ghrelin levels and any clinical parameters −high serum RBP4 and low ghrelin were associated with an increased risk for HS.	High RBP4 levels may be a surrogate biomarker for IR in patients with HS.Increased RBP4 and decreased ghrelin levels could also be independent risk factors for development of HS.
Özkur et al., 2020 [42]	case-control study (n = 37; 28 female and 9 male)	aim was to evaluate serum irisin, plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid levels in HS	−Insulin resistance was higher in HS patients than in controls (45.9% vs. 8.1%; p = 0.003) −plasma triglycerides, glucose, and insulin levels were significantly higher in HS (p = 0.013, p = 0.001, and p = 0.004) −irisin level was insignificantly higher in HS	Patients with HS should be screened for insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
González-López et al., 2021 [58]	case-control study (n = 78; 41 female and 37 male)	aim was to investigate serum omentin-1 and apelin levels in non-diabetic patients with HS	−serum omentin-1 was significantly higher in HS (irrespective of age, sex, and BMI) −apelin serum levels were not significantly different −no association between serum levels of both omentin-1 and apelin with HS severity	Patients with HS have raised omentin-1 serum levels.