. 2022 Nov 29;19(23):15918. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192315918

Table 2.

Summary of in vivo and in vitro studies reporting the obesogenic and diabetic effects of BPS and BPF exposure.

Model System	BPs Exposure System/	Main Outcomes	Reference
Model System	Dose/Period	Main Outcomes	Reference
Male rats	Oral administration by gavage BPS (30, 60, and 120 mg·kg⁻¹ BW)/daily for 30 days	↑ Serum glucose ↑ Total cholesterol, triglyceride, glycerol-free triglyceride, and LDL ↓ HDL	[38]
Male rats	Administered with drinking water BPA or BPS (0.05 mg·kg⁻¹ BW)/38 weeks	↑ BW by 14% after 32 weeks ↑ Triglycerides ↑ Blood glucose No effects with BPA	[39]
Female mice	Oral administration by gavage BPS (0.5, 5, and 50 mg·kg⁻¹ BW)/daily for 2 weeks	BPS at 5 mg·kg⁻¹ BW dose: ↑ BW by 31% ± 4% ↑ Visceral fat formation (emerged more with BPS exposure but not with BPA) BPS at 50 mg·kg⁻¹ BW dose: ↑ ALT and AST	[40]
Zebrafish	Diluted in water (refreshed daily) BPS (1, 10, and 100 µg·L⁻¹)/15 days	↑ Visceral fat accumulation ↑ Triacylglycerol	[41]
Zebrafish	Diluted in water (refreshed daily) BPS (1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg·L⁻¹)/120 days	In males: ↑ FFA, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and LDL ↑ Fat accumulation in the liver In females: ↑ FFA emerged with (1000 µg·L⁻¹)	[42]
Adipose hASCs	BPs solution added to media BPS or BPF (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 25 μM)/14 days	↑ Lipid accumulation ↑ Adipogenesis	[43]
Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes	BPs solution added to media (replaced and refreshed every 2 days) BPA or BPS (0.01–50 μM)/6 days	↑ Lipid accumulation ↑ Upregulation of adipogenic genes expression (emerged more in BPS than BPA)	[44]
Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes	BPs solution added to media (replaced and refreshed every other day) BPA, BPS, or BPF (10 nM)/12 days	↑ Lipid accumulation with BPS, followed by BPA BPF had the least impact	[45]
Male mice	Administered with chow BPF (0, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg·kg⁻¹ chow ≈ 0.044, 0.44, and 4.4 mg·kg⁻¹ BW)/daily for 12 weeks	Mice gained less weight than controls No effects on glucose levels or glucose tolerance	[45]
Male rats	Oral administration by gavage BPS (0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg·kg⁻¹ BW)/daily for 90 days	With median and high doses: ↑ Blood glucose ↓ Insulin response ↑ Disturbances in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis	[29]
Male zebrafish	Diluted in water (refreshed daily) BPS (1 and 10 μg·L⁻¹)/28 days	↑ FBG ↓ Insulin levels	[46]
HFD-induced male mice	Oral administration by gavage to dams BPS (0.1 mg·kg⁻¹ BW)/daily from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21	Compared to HFD-induced offspring of dams not exposed to BPS: ↑ BW ↑ Triglycerides and total cholesterol ↑ Lipid accumulation in liver tissues and epididymal white adipose tissues	[47]
HFD-induced male mice	Administered with drinking water of dams BPS (0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg·kg⁻¹ BW)/daily from gestation day 9 until delivery	↑ Adipocytes size in gonadal white adipose tissue of offspring (gonadal adipocyte hypertrophy)	[48]

Abbreviations: BPs: bisphenols; BPA: bisphenol A; BPS; bisphenol S; BPF: bisphenol F; BW: body weight; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; FFA: free fatty acids; HFD: high-fat diet; hASCs, human adipose-derived stem cells; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; FBG: fasting blood glucose; (↑): increase; (↓): decrease.