Table 2.
Urinary cytokines and chemokines.
| Cytokine/ Chemokine (pg/mL) |
Overall (n = 51) | AKI (n = 25) | No-AKI (n = 26) | p a | q b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FGF * Day 1 | 3.21 (1.78–9.14) | 2.61 (1.74–7.31) | 4.52 (1.97–11.81) | 0.30 | 0.89 |
| FGF * Day 5 | 2.86 (1.44–6.64) | 2.43 (1.42–6.64) | 3.75 (1.74–6.09) | 0.76 | 0.97 |
| IL-1β * Day 1 | 10.17 (5.54–20.11) | 9.77 (4.92–15.94) | 17.21 (7.71–25.31) | 0.16 | 0.84 |
| IL-1β * Day 5 | 7.38 (3.78–12.41) | 6.48 (3.60–12.29) | 9.07 (5.92–12.73) | 0.22 | 0.97 |
| G-CSF * Day 1 | 173.98 (123.48–197.43) | 171.05 (119.76–224.19) | 176.49 (166.81–188.64) | 0.51 | 0.89 |
| G-CSF * Day 5 | 159.05 (93.93–199.12) | 181.37 (109.50–211.79) | 157.53 (94.46–191.30) | 0.56 | 0.97 |
| IL-10 * Day 1 | 1.94 (1.70–4.48) | 1.84 (1.70–3.16) | 4.48 (1.88–13.35) | 0.09 | 0.60 |
| IL-10 * Day 5 | 3.52 (2.13–5.03) | 3.52 (2.47–4.72) | 2.59 (2.14–4) | 0.73 | 0.97 |
| IL-13 * Day 1 | 6.30 (3.01–9.28) | 5.56 (2.67–7.87) | 7.12 (4.03–9.93) | 0.51 | 0.89 |
| IL-13 * Day 5 | 5.68 (2.93–7.83) | 5.33 (2.64–7.65) | 6.05 (3.07–8.05) | 0.65 | 0.97 |
| IL-6 * Day 1 | 7.46 (3.57–15.43) | 6.15 (3.71–14) | 10.37 (3.39–19.61) | 0.27 | 0.89 |
| IL-6 * Day 5 | 6.16 (2.22–12.98) | 5.92 (2.54–13.14) | 6.97 (2.11–10.22) | 0.90 | 0.99 |
| IL-12 * Day 1 | 2.22 (1.73–3.40) | 2.19 (1.75–3.26) | 2.38 (1.73–3.27) | 0.80 | 0.89 |
| IL-12 * Day 5 | 2.26 (1.51–4.41) | 1.83 (1.33–2.37) | 2.80 (1.74–5.65) | 0.01 | 0.41 |
| RANTES * Day 1 | 13.83 (9.38–22.67) | 17.40 (13.2–25.4) | 10.7 (7.9–12.8) | 0.01 | 0.14 |
| RANTES * Day 5 | 15.98 (12.93–25.14) | 15.62 (11.14–28.60) | 16.11 (12.94–22.84) | 0.82 | 0.99 |
| Eotaxin * Day 1 | 2.20 (1.12–4.24) | 2.52 (1.17–4.24) | 1.87 (1.13–4.62) | 0.82 | 0.89 |
| Eotaxin * Day 5 | 3.50 (1.24–6.29) | 3.26 (1.84–6.18) | 4.10 (0.68–6.24) | 0.64 | 0.97 |
| IL-17A * Day 1 | 3.05 (2.34–5.23) | 3.19 (2.21–8.20) | 2.90 (2.53–3.19) | 0.37 | 0.89 |
| IL-17A * Day 5 | 3.04 (2.50–3.21) | 3.08 (2.60–3.63) | 2.99 (2.44–3.20) | 0.60 | 0.97 |
| MIP-1α * Day 1 | 21.35 (10.97–35.89) | 21.35 (9.61–30.61) | 20.85 (11.79–35.89) | 0.69 | 0.89 |
| MIP-1α * Day 5 | 11.79 (6.04–29.27) | 9.08 (4.90–29.27) | 11.79 (9.61–20.85) | 0.52 | 0.97 |
| GM-CSF * Day 1 | 0.65 (0.38–1.27) | 0.75 (0.43–1.27) | 0.59 (0.34–1.22) | 0.46 | 0.89 |
| GM-CSF * Day 5 | 0.68 (0.43–1.32) | 0.53 (0.38–1.38) | 0.74 (0.53.1.26) | 0.44 | 0.97 |
| MIP-1β * Day 1 | 3.27 (1.84–8.16) | 3.27 (1.84–6.64) | 3.25 (1.84–8.17) | 0.79 | 0.89 |
| MIP-1β * Day 5 | 4.32 (1.66–6.62) | 2.87 (1.37–6.64) | 4.37 (2.13–6.03) | 0.65 | 0.97 |
| MCP-1 * Day 1 | 137.22 (50.57–311) | 148.43 (61.49–323.19) | 121.02 (49.56–237.50) | 0.62 | 0.89 |
| MCP-1 * Day 5 | 124.6 (50.77–242.04) | 116.29 (91.46–254.88) | 143.23 (45.57–219.43) | 0.88 | 0.99 |
| IL-15 * Day 1 | 127.72 (82.62–196.61) | 108.47 (79.62–240.22) | 130.74 (93.11–193.87) | 0.73 | 0.89 |
| IL-15 * Day 5 | 140.19 (97.14–176.12) | 145.27 (128.26–190.80) | 103.37 (56.60–142.85) | 0.12 | 0.97 |
| EGF * Day 1 | 4083.27 (1218.24–5768.37) | 2044 (719–4083) | 5568 (5056–5974) | 0.01 | 0.14 |
| EGF * Day 5 | 4127.73 (1722.80–5494.66) | 3934.24 (1552.42–5254.31) | 4614.17 (3537.42–5424.23) | 0.55 | 0.97 |
| IL-5 * Day 1 | 0.77 (0.23–2.38) | 0.91 (0.23–4.73) | 0.67 (0.29–1.25) | 0.34 | 0.89 |
| IL-5 * Day 5 | 2.38 (0.46–5.85) | 2.38 (0.35–6.40) | 2.38 (1.44–2.71) | 0.75 | 0.97 |
| HGF * Day 1 | 41.18 (21.27–80.86) | 40.12 (21.27–80.22) | 41.18 (21.99–81.51) | 0.80 | 0.89 |
| HGF * Day 5 | 53.12 (28.68–79.97) | 54.82 (28.84–70.20) | 52.50 (32.45–79.97) | 0.86 | 0.99 |
| VEGF * Day 1 | 2.59 (0.82–4.41) | 2.26 (0.82–3.79) | 3 (0.70–4.74) | 0.77 | 0.89 |
| VEGF * Day 5 | 2.74 (0.77–4.41) | 2.88 (0.95–3.76) | 1.36 (0.77–4.60) | 0.60 | 0.97 |
| IFN-α * Day 1 | 10.90 (1.89–17.50) | 10.90 (1.55–16.77) | 13.64 (2.52–17.50) | 0.27 | 0.89 |
| IFN-α * Day 5 | 12.09 (1.92–17.21) | 10.90 (1.92–14.39) | 13.45 (2.08–18.82) | 0.41 | 0.97 |
| IL-1RA * Day 1 | 2829.72 (1209.25–5344.40) | 2689.10 (1238.42–5813.46) | 3421.78 (1263.64–4084.19) | 0.90 | 0.93 |
| IL-1RA * Day 5 | 1879.33 (1000.58–4591.50) | 1675.03 (1071.18–3571.60) | 2088.81 (830.36–4601.67) | 0.72 | 0.97 |
| IL-2 * Day 1 | 1.57 (1.27–2.51) | 1.58 (1.45–2.27) | 1.53 (1.12–2.23) | 0.45 | 0.89 |
| IL-2 * Day 5 | 1.83 (1.26–2.52) | 1.79 (1.34–3) | 1.88 (1.26–2.27) | 0.98 | 1 |
| IL-7 * Day 1 | 14.31 (4.35–29.41) | 15.69 (4.65–30.05) | 12.93 (4.54–27.03) | 0.66 | 0.89 |
| IL-7 * Day 5 | 10.41 (3.71–30.71) | 12.59 (3.95–43.47) | 6.78 (4.06–16.37) | 0.42 | 0.97 |
| IP-10 * Day 1 | 2.38 (2.04–6.06) | 2.52 (2.02–7.33) | 2.24 (2.19–3.63) | 0.64 | 0.89 |
| IP-10 * Day 5 | 2.93 (1.44–5.02) | 3.06 (1.81–6.77) | 2.78 (1.75–3.75) | 0.49 | 0.97 |
| IL-2R * Day 1 | 653 (197.59–1633.81) | 649.43 (203.20–1429.30) | 786.61 (193.19–1686.19) | 0.84 | 0.89 |
| IL-2R * Day 5 | 296.03 (116.97–990.57) | 304.80 (121.13–1103) | 296.03 (107.33–818.01) | 0.89 | 1 |
| MIG * Day 1 | 43.28 (21.73–52.93 | 39.96 (15.74–56.63) | 46.12 (25.48–51.75) | 0.67 | 0.89 |
| MIG * Day 5 | 39.97 (21.73–61.45) | 34.17 (21.73–60.93) | 49.22 (22.28–61.45) | 0.53 | 0.97 |
| IL-4 * Day 1 | 70.19 (3.15) | 6.36 (6.36–6.36) | 6.36 (6.36–6.36) | ||
| IL-4 * Day 5 | 10.29 (6.18) | 34.98 (6.18–63.78) | 1 | 1 | |
| IL-8 * Day 1 | 8.52 (2.66–28.19) | 9.04 (2.63–28.60) | 7.83 (3.47–26.93) | 1 | 0.89 |
| IL-8 * Day 5 | 15.09 (5.14–76.49) | 10.81 (5.22–73.64) | 16.42 (3.18–135.60) | 0.61 | 0.97 |
Acute kidney injury (AKI); body mass index (BMI); systemic steroids: dexamethasone, methylprednisolone; prednisone; fibroblast growth factor (FGF); granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF); RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted); macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); epidermal growth factor (EGF); hepatocyte growth factor (HGF); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); interferon alpha (IFN-α); interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10); monokine induced by IFN-gamma (MIG); interleukin (IL); IL-1 receptor (IL-1R). * Data are expressed as medians (interquartile ranges). a Mann–Whitney U test (p values ≤ 0.05 in bold). b Storey’s q for multiple comparisons (q values < 0.2 in bold).