Table 3.

Network pharmacology-based investigation of multi-targeted effects or molecular mechanisms of some herbal medicines or their derived products.

Sr. No.	Medicinal Plant/Traditional Formulations	Phytoconstituents	Biomolecular Targets/Genes	Therapeutic Role	Mechanism of Action	References
1	Boerhaavia diffusa	Apigenin, ferulic acid and quercetin	ABCA1, AKT1, MMP9, LEPR, AKR1C3, KDR, PPARs, ESR1, ARNT, PON2, SESN2, IRS1, ILs, MAPKs, CAPSs, NOS, etc.	Nephroprotective	Reduction of oxidative and inflammatory stress, glomerulonephritis, reduction of vascular rigidity in hypertension	[33]
2	Tinospora cordifolia	Gallic acid and rutin	CASPs, MAPKs, NOS, PRNP, CTGF, SREBF1, and JUN	Nephroprotective	Reduction of oxidative and inflammatory stress, glomerulonephritis	[33]
3	Momordica charantia	Linalool, quercetin, gallic acid, apiole, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, limonene and catechin	NOS, ILs, CASPs, MAPKs, G6PD, MAPK1, MAPK3, MMPs, PTGS2, PON1, ILs, AKT1, JUN, MMPs, PPARG, TP53, etc.	Diabetic nephropathy	Amelioration in endothelial dysfunction, fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, acute kidney injury, fibrosis, hypertensive disease, obesity, etc.	[34]
4	-	Quercetin and kaempferol	TNF, JUN, IL6, STAT3, MAPK1, and MAPK3	Acne Vulgaris	Anti-inflammatory effect and regulate the excessive lipogenesis in sebaceous glands via different signaling pathways	[104]
5	Gelsemium elegans	Gelegamine E, gelsesyringalidine, humantenine, gelsedine, 19-z-akuammidine, gelegamine B, tabersonine, koumine, gelsemine	MAPK3, HSP90AA1, JUN, EGFR, CDK1, TNF, CCND1, ESR1, PRKACA, CCNA2, CDC25C, CDK2, CCNB1, AR, CREBBP, AURKA, CDC25A, CHEK1, BCL2L1, and PIK3CD	Anti-cancer	Pathways in cancer, cell cycle, and colorectal cancer	[105]
6	Danning Tablets (A polyherbal formulation)	Quercetin, ß-sitosterol, luteolin, kaempferol, supraene, curcumenolactone C, and stigmasterol	IL6, MAPK8, VEGFA, CASP3, ALB, APP, MYC, PPARG, and RELA	Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	Lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidation, insulin resistance (IR), atherosclerosis, and apoptosis	[106]
7	Panax notoginseng	Mandenol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, ginsenoside rh2, ginsenoside f2, quercetin	VEGFA, MMP-9, MMP-2, FGF2, and COX-2	Diabetic Retinopathy	Intervention of angiogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis	[107]
8	Angelica sinensis	Isorhamnetin, jaranol, 3,9-di-O-methylnissolin, mairin, formononetin, isoflavanone, quercetin, kaempferol and (3R)-3-(2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)chroman-7-ol	VEGFA, TP53, IL-6, TNF, MARK1	Diabetic nephropathy	Apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, glucose, and lipid metabolism processes	[108]
9	Caesalpinia pulcherima	Gallic acid, catechin, ellagic acid, quercetina and cyanidin 3-glucoside	ESR-1, ESR-2, ESRRA, MET, VEGF, FGF, PI3K, PDK-1, MAPK, PLK-1, NEK-2, and GRK	Breast cancer	Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis, estrogen signaling pathway, prolactin signaling pathway, thyroid hormone signaling pathway, and relaxin signaling pathway	[109]
10	Chinese herbal formula Shenyi (SY)	Moupinamide, quercetin, eriodictyol, hesperetin, formononetin, palmatine, norlobeline, taxifoline, sinoacutine, beta-sitosterol, kaempferol, stigmasterol, acacetin, linarin, and isovitexin	AKT1, TNF, IL6, TP53, VEGFA, EGFR, CASP3, JUN, IL1B, MYC, ESR1, HIF1A, HSP90AA1, EGF, PTGS2, MMP9, and CCND1	Diabetic nephropathy	Glomerulosclerosis, nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hyperglycemia, inhibit RhoA/Rho kinase to ameliorate kidney injury and decrease fibrosis	[110]
11	Jasminum grandiflorum L.	Quercetin, kaempferol, myricitrin, laricitrin 3-o-glucoside, myricetin 3-xyloside, reynoutrin, kaempferitrin, oleuropein, multifloroside, isoquercitrin, oleuropein glucoside, verbascoside	MKK4, MKK7, I-CAM 1, IL-6, TNF, TRAF2, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, EGFR,	Nephroprotective	Reduction in tubular cell lining vacuolation and intratubular cast deposition in the renal tubules, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis	[111]