Table 4.
The association between macronutrient (CHOs, protein and total fat) dietary intake and the MetS and its components. The model was adjusted for all lifestyle factors and BMI.
| MetS | Abnormal WC | Raised Triglycerides † | Low HDL-C † | Raised BP † | Elevated FBG † | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | |
| ↑CHO_%E ↓Protein_%E |
1.001 | 0.997–1.005 | 0.681 | 1.004 | 0.963–1.047 | 0.842 | 1.002 | 0.957–1.050 | 0.926 | 1.021 | 0.981–1.062 | 0.311 | 0.988 | 0.951–1.027 | 0.552 | 1.001 | 0.997–1.004 | 0.777 |
| ↑CHO_%E ↓FAT_%E |
1.001 | 0.997–1.005 | 0.666 | 1.008 | 0.983–1.035 | 0.532 | 1.001 | 0.997–1.005 | 0.639 | 1.001 | 0.995–1.006 | 0.833 | 0.974 | 0.956–0.992 | 0.005 | 1.000 | 0.998–1.002 | 0.737 |
| ↑FAT_%E ↓Protein_%E |
1.005 | 0.973–1.038 | 0.767 | 1.001 | 0.954–1.050 | 0.974 | 1.027 | 0.972–1.085 | 0.338 | 1.008 | 0.968–1.064 | 0.746 | 1.002 | 0.959–1.048 | 0.696 | 1.020 | 0.995–1.053 | 0.151 |
| ↑Protein_%E ↓CHO_%E |
0.995 | 0.921–1.075 | 0.901 | 0.973 | 0.914–1.035 | 0.381 | 0.940 | 0.874–1.011 | 0.059 | 0.930 | 0.875–0.989 | 0.021 | 1.012 | 0.951–1.077 | 0.700 | 0.975 | 0.919–1.035 | 0.405 |
| ↑FAT_%E ↓CHO_%E |
1.003 | 0.969–1.038 | 0.875 | 0.987 | 0.955–1.021 | 0.450 | 1.002 | 0.964–1.041 | 0.926 | 0.997 | 0.965–1.029 | 0.834 | 0.976 | 0.943–1.011 | 0.179 | 1.022 | 0.989–1.055 | 0.190 |
| ↑Protein_%E ↓FAT_%E |
1.002 | 0.930–1.080 | 0.958 | 0.965 | 0.912–1.021 | 0.212 | 0.947 | 0.885–1.014 | 0.118 | 0.928 | 0.874–0.985 | 0.014 | 1.026 | 0.965–1.090 | 0.412 | 0.994 | 0.942–1.048 | 0.823 |
%E—percentage energy; CHO—carbohydrate; MetS—metabolic syndrome; WC—waist circumference; BP—blood pressure; FBG—fasting blood glucose; HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Substitution model, where CHOs, protein and fat were included as the variable of interest (↑), or were excluded from the model, when the macronutrient was substituted for (↓), or was adjusted for as a covariate. The MetS was defined using the IDF definition. Macronutrients were entered as a percentage of total energy intake. The results were presented as OR for the presence of MetS per change in the proportion of dietary energy. The OR for the ‘opposite’ substitution was the inverse of that presented, and the p value was the same. For example, the OR for the MetS when substituting fat for CHOs = (OR 1.005 95% CI 0.963–1.054, p = 0.681). All models were adjusted for age, race, physical activity, marital status, level of education, driving experience, smoking status, and total energy and alcohol intake. ORs—odds ratios, 95%; CIs—95% confidence intervals. † Also adjusted for BMI.