Table 5.
The association between macronutrient (CHOs, protein and total fat) intake and the MetS and its components. The model was adjusted for total energy and alcohol intake.
| MetS | Abnormal WC | Raised Triglycerides | Low HDL-C | Raised BP | Elevated FBG | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | AOR | 95%CI | p | |
| ↑CHO_%E ↓Protein_%E |
1.001 | 0.999–1.002 | 0.441 | 1.001 | 0.997–1.004 | 0.662 | 1.001 | 0.999–1.002 | 0.284 | 1.007 | 0.996–1.018 | 0.191 | 0.978 | 0.966–0.991 | 0.001 | 1.001 | 0.999–1.002 | 0.519 |
| ↑CHO_%E ↓FAT_%E |
1.001 | 0.999–1.002 | 1.002 | 1.001 | 0.998–1.003 | 0.616 | 1.001 | 0.999–1.002 | 0.387 | 1.012 | 0.998–1.027 | 0.088 | 0.972 | 0.957–0.988 | 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.999–1.002 | 0.507 |
| ↑FAT_%E ↓Protein_%E |
0.983 | 0.961–1.005 | 0.131 | 0.990 | 0.968–1.012 | 0.379 | 1.974 | 0.948–0.999 | 0.050 | 1.002 | 0.979–1.025 | 0.870 | 0.977 | 0.952–1.002 | 0.066 | 1.004 | 0.982–1.026 | 0.738 |
| ↑Protein_%E ↓CHO_%E |
0.975 | 0.930–1.023 | 0.302 | 1.012 | 0.965–1.062 | 0.611 | 0.933 | 0.880–0.990 | 0.021 | 0.992 | 0.947–1.040 | 0.742 | 0.984 | 0.937–1.035 | 0.537 | 0.989 | 0.944–1.036 | 0.630 |
| ↑FAT_%E ↓CHO_%E |
0.994 | 0.966–1.023 | 0.677 | 0.986 | 0.958–1.015 | 0.352 | 1.002 | 0.969–1.036 | 0.924 | 1.011 | 0.982–1.040 | 0.464 | 0.968 | 0.938–0.999 | 0.043 | 1.009 | 0.981–1.038 | 0.527 |
| ↑Protein_%E ↓FAT_%E |
0.968 | 0.933–1.004 | 0.083 | 0.997 | 0.961–1.034 | 0.856 | 0.934 | 0.892–0.978 | 0.004 | 0.976 | 0.928–1.025 | 0.325 | 1.013 | 0.963–1.066 | 0.608 | 0.998 | 0.963–1.034 | 0.899 |
%E—percentage energy; CHO—carbohydrate; MetS–metabolic syndrome; WC–waist circumference; BP—blood pressure; FBG—fasting blood glucose; HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Substitution model where CHOs, protein and fat were included as the variable of interest (↑) or were excluded from the model, when the macronutrient substituted for (↓) or were adjusted for as a covariate. The MetS was defined using the IDF definition. Macronutrients were entered as a percentage of total energy intake. The results are presented as AOR for the presence of the MetS per change in the proportion of dietary energy. The AOR for the ‘opposite’ substitution was the inverse of that presented, and the p value was the same. For example, the AOR for the MetS when substituting fat for CHOs = (AOR 1.005 95% CI 0.963–1.054, p = 0.681). All models were adjusted for total food energy and alcohol intake. AOR—adjusted odds ratios, 95%; CIs—95% confidence intervals.