Table 8.

Association between dietary macronutrient intake and fatty acids (substitution model) and the components of the MetS (as continuous variables).

	WC		Triglycerides †		HDL-C †		BP †		FBG †
	β	95%CI	β	95%CI	β	95%CI	β	95%CI	β	95%CI
↑CHO_%E ↓PROTEIN_%E	0.005	−0.001, 0.011	0.000	0.000, 0.001	−0.201	−0.516, 0.114	0.001	−0.005, 0.008	−0.001	−0.005, 0.004
↑CHO_%E ↓FAT_%E	0.006	0.000, 0.012	0.000	0.000, 0.001	−0.149	−0.474, 0.175	0.002	−0.004, 0.008	−0.000	−0.005, 0.004
↑FAT_%E ↓PROTEIN _%E	−0.188	−0.837, 0.460	0.035	−0.016, 0.086	0.008	−0.007, 0.024	0.489	−0.187, 1.165	0.491 *	0.009, 0.972
↑SFA_%E ↓MUFA_%E	0.205	−1.264, 1.673	−0.080	−0.195, 0.034	−0.016	−0.051, 0.019	−0.881	−2.397, 0.636	1.105 *	−2.185, −0.025
↑SFA_%E ↓PUFA_%E	−0.015	−1.060, 1.030	−0.035	−0.113, 0.042	−0.007	−0.030, 0.017	−0.030	−1.127, 1.068	−0.735	−1.509, 0.040
↑MUFA_%E ↓PUFA_%E	0.012	−0.049, 0.072	0.001	−0.003, 0.005	−0.001	−0.002, 0.000	0.006	−0.057, 0.068	−0.030	−0.074, 0.014

SFA—saturated fatty acid; WC—waist circumference; HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP—systolic blood pressure; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; CHO—carbohydrate; MUFA—monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA—polyunsaturated fatty acid. * p < 0.05 All models were adjusted for age, race, physical activity, marital status, level of education, driving experience and smoking status. In each model, a given dietary intake variable of interest was included as an independent variable (↑) and one dietary intake variable (↓) was excluded from the model. The remaining dietary intake variables and total energy were included as covariates. The β represents the increase or decrease in the continuous outcome variable when increasing the independent dietary intake, while simultaneously reducing an isoenergic amount of the excluded dietary intake variable. All dietary variables were entered as percentages of the total energy intake. † Also adjusted for BMI.