Table 2.
Factors associated with adverse skin reactions among the hand sanitizer users.
| Factors | Adverse skin reactions (n = 515, 41.9%)a | Bivariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | p-valueb | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-valueb | |||||
| Age, years | ||||||||
| ≤21 | 110 | (21.36%) | Reference | <0.001 |
Reference | 0.004 |
||
| 22-26 | 159 | (30.87%) | 2.14 | (1.56─2.93) | 0.63 | (0.36─1.1) | ||
| 27-34 | 135 | (26.21%) | 2.42 | (1.74─3.38) | 0.48 | (0.25─0.89) | ||
| ≥35 |
111 |
(21.55%) |
1.29 |
(0.93─1.78) |
0.41 |
(0.23─0.75) |
||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 287 | (55.73%) | Reference | 0.508 |
Reference | |||
| Female | 228 | (44.27%) | 1.08 | (0.86─1.36) | 1.92 | (1.37─2.7) | <0.001 | |
| Educational Status | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 7 | (1.36%) | Reference | 0.168 |
Reference | 0.384 |
||
| Primary | 31 | (6.02%) | 1.69 | (0.62─4.6) | 1.21 | (0.4─3.68) | ||
| Secondary | 43 | (8.35%) | 1.35 | (0.51─3.53) | 0.85 | (0.27─2.64) | ||
| Higher Secondary | 73 | (14.17%) | 1.26 | (0.5─3.21) | 0.60 | (0.19─1.89) | ||
| Graduate | 288 | (55.92%) | 1.89 | (0.77─4.65) | 0.71 | (0.23─2.22) | ||
| Post-graduate | 73 | (14.17%) | 1.62 | (0.63─4.14) | 0.89 | (0.28─2.82) | ||
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Unmarried | 241 | (46.89%) | Reference | <0.001 |
Reference | 0.246 |
||
| Married | 266 | (51.75%) | 1.60 | (1.27─2.1) | 1.24 | (0.86─1.77) | ||
| Widow∖Divorced∖Separated | 7 | (1.36%) | 0.80 | (0.32─1.99) | 0.59 | (0.19─1.83) | ||
| Religion | ||||||||
| Islam | 387 | (75.15%) | Reference | 0.006 |
Reference | 0.020 |
||
| Hindu | 99 | (19.22%) | 0.68 | (0.51─0.89) | 1.03 | (0.69─1.53) | ||
| Buddhism | 24 | (4.66%) | 1.84 | (0.97─3.47) | 1.71 | (0.76─3.88) | ||
| Other | 5 | (0.97%) | 1.63 | (0.43─6.1) | 14.5 | (1.52─139.86) | ||
| Occupation | ||||||||
| NHCW | 252 | (30.51%) | Reference | <0.001 |
Reference | <0.001 |
||
| HCW | 263 | (65.10%) | 4.25 | (3.3─5.47) | 3.50 | (2.23─5.49) | ||
| Work hour (hours/week) | ||||||||
| <8 | 85.00 | (19.45%) | Reference | <0.001 |
Reference | <0.001 |
||
| 8 to 16 | 64.00 | (14.65%) | 1.60 | (1.5─2.45) | 1.62 | (1─2.64) | ||
| 16 to 24 | 17.00 | (3.89%) | 1.43 | (0.72─2.81) | 1.30 | (0.61─2.75) | ||
| 24 to 32 | 37.00 | (8.47%) | 2.16 | (1.26─3.7) | 1.88 | (1.03─3.43) | ||
| 32 to 48 | 66.00 | (15.1%) | 1.50 | (0.99─2.27) | 1.24 | (0.75─2.04) | ||
| 48 to 56 | 97 | (22.2%) | 1.87 | (1.28─2.74) | 2.38 | (1.46─3.87) | ||
| >56 | 71 | (16.25%) | 5.07 | (3.3─8.49) | 2.51 | (1.34─4.7) | ||
| Hand hygiene products | ||||||||
| Alcohol based sanitizer | 427 | (82.91%) | 2.06 | (1.56─2.72) | <0.001 | 1.40 | (0.93─2.1) | 0.107 |
| Soap water | 365 | (70.87%) | 1.13 | (0.88─1.45) | 0.325 | 0.97 | (0.69─1.37) | 0.88 |
| Detergent/Savlon solution/bleaching powder solution | 8 | (1.55%) | 1.59 | (0.57─4.42) | 0.371 | 1.21 | (0.33─4.43) | 0.76 |
| Daily use frequency (times/day) | ||||||||
| 1 to 4 | 103 | (20%) | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | 0.001 | ||
| 5 to 10 | 205 | (39.81%) | 2.48 | (1.84─3.34) | 1.98 | (1.33─2.95) | ||
| 11 to 15 | 108 | (20.97%) | 2.61 | (1.84─3.71) | 1.96 | (1.22─3.15) | ||
| 16 to 20 | 44 | (8.54%) | 3.52 | (2.12─5.86) | 1.84 | (0.97─3.5) | ||
| >20 | 55 | (10.68%) | 2.27 | (1.48─3.49) | 0.92 | (0.53─1.61) | ||
| H/O COVID-19 infection | 232 | (45.05%) | 3.04 | (2.37─3.9) | <0.001 | 1.83 | (1.29─2.61) | 0.001 |
| Vaccination Status | ||||||||
| Not vaccinated | 114 | (22.14%) | Reference | <0.001 | Reference | 0.590 | ||
| Received first dose | 55 | (10.68%) | 1.42 | (0.94─2.15) | 1.16 | (0.68─1.99) | ||
| Fully vaccinated | 346 | (67.18%) | 1.75 | (1.34─2.29) | 0.98 | (0.64─1.51) | ||
a
Data are presented as n (%).
b
Significant p-values (<0.05) are in boldOR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NHCW, non-healthcare workers; HCW, healthcare workers.