Table 1.
NPs derived from dietary sources and effects on CSCs.
| Natural Products (Source) |
Tumor Type |
Effects on CSCs | Alone or in Combination with Other Compounds |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin (Curcumalonga) |
Liver cancer | In vitro reduction in SP subpopulation and sphere formation. | HDAC inhibitors | [73] |
| Lung cancer | In vitro reduction in tumorsphere formation and inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 pathway. In vivo impaired tumor growth. |
[74] | ||
| Lung cancer | In vitro arrest of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and reduction in the main stemness markers via Wnt/β-catenin and SHH pathways downregulation. | [75] | ||
| Breast cancer | In vitro reduction in tumorsphere formation | Piperidine | [76] | |
| Colorectal cancer | In vitro reduction in LGR5+ cell proliferation and induction of autophagy. | [77] | ||
| Lung cancer | In vitro induction of apoptosis, reduction in CD166+/EpCAM+ cell migration. | Cisplatin | [78] | |
| Thyroid cancer | In vitro impairment of sphere formation and reduction in stemness marker expression via JAK/STAT3 downregulation. | Cisplatin | [79] | |
| Resveratrol (skin of grapes and berries) | Osteosarcoma | In vitro inhibition of STAT3 pathway and reduction in CD133 expression. | [84] | |
| Ovarian cancer | In vitro reduction in migration and viability, inhibition of SHH pathway, and induction of autophagy. | Lysophosphatidic acid | [85] | |
| Pancreatic cancer | In vitro reduction in stem-like features. In vivo reduction in tumorigenic and invasive potential. |
[86] | ||
| Colorectal cancer | In vitro reduction in CD133+ cell survival. | 5-FU | [87] | |
| Breast cancer | In vitro reduction in tumorsphere formation via autophagy induction and Wnt pathway reduction. In vivo reduction in tumor growth. |
[88] | ||
| Colorectal cancer | In vitro reduction in stemness markers and sphere formation. | [89,90] | ||
| Breast cancer | In vitro reduction in CD44+/CD24− subpopulations and SOX2 and BMI1 expression levels. | [91] | ||
| EGCG (green tea) | Colorectal cancer | In vitro reduction in invasive capacity and induction of apoptosis and chemosensitivity via STAT3 and Wnt pathway downregulation. | [99] | |
| Lung cancer | In vitro reduction in self-renewal of CD133+ cells. In vivoreduction in tumorigenic potential. |
[100] | ||
| Lung cancer | In vitro downregulation of Wnt pathway and reduction in proliferation and stemness marker expression. | [101] | ||
| Nobiletin (Citrus depressa and Citrus sinensis) |
Lung cancer | In vitro reduction in Wnt pathway and CD133 and ALDH1 expression levels. | [110] | |
| Colorectal cancer | In vitro reduction in cell viability, CD44v6 expression, Wnt activation, and induction of apoptosis. | Xanthohumol (flavonoid) and FOX | [111] | |
| Apigenin (fruits, vegetables, and drinks) |
Prostate cancer | In vitroinduction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell migration and NF-kB pathway. | Cisplatin | [114] |
| Breast cancer | In vivo reduction in CD44+/CD24− tumorigenic potential via downregulation of YAP/TAZ pathway. | [115] | ||
| Lung cancer | In vivoreduction in CD133+ tumorigenic potential. | Cisplatin | [116] | |
| Quercetin (fruits and vegetables) | Breast cancer | In vitro reduction in tumorsphere formation and decrease in stemness gene (SOX2, NANOG) expression and Notch and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. | [117] | |
| Breast cancer | In vitro reduction in ALDH1A1 and CXCR4 expression levels. In vivo reduction in CD44+/CD24− tumor growth and metastasis formation. |
[118,119] | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | In vitro reduction in Wnt pathway activation and stemness markers. | [120] | ||
| Naringine and naringenin (Citrus fruits) |
Breast cancer | In vitro reduction in mammosphere and colony formation and migration, decrease in stem-like markers (β-catenin, ALDH1). | [124] | |
| Cervical cancer | In vitro reduction in cell viability and invasive capacity. | Cisplatin | [125] | |
| Sulforaphane (Brassicaceae) | Lung cancer | In vitro decrease in CD133+ and ALDH+ cells. | Cisplatin | [128] |
| Breast cancer | In vitro reduction in mammosphere formation and decrease in ALDH expression and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. In vivo decrease in tumor growth and second engraftment. | [129] | ||
| Breast cancer | In vitro reduction in cell proliferation, tumorsphere formation, and cell viability. In vivo decrease in xenograft tumor growth. |
[130] | ||
| Fisetin (vegetables and fruits) |
Lung cancer | In vitro reduction in cell growth and colony formation. | [132] | |
| Lung cancer | In vitro reduction in proliferative and invasive capacity via the downregulation of CD44 and CD133 stem-like markers. | [133] |
Abbreviations: CSCs, cancer stem cells, HDAC, histone deacetylase, SP, side population, SHH, sonic hedgehog, LGR5, Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5, EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenases, CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4.