Table 3.
NPs derived from marine sources and their effects on CSCs.
| Natural Products (Source) | Tumor Type |
Effects on CSCs | Alone or in Combination with Other Compounds |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloids | ||||
| Nortopsentin (deep-sea sponges, Spongsoritesruetzleri) |
Colorectal | In vitro arrest of cell proliferation (inhibition of CDK1 activity), induction of apoptosis (Caspase 3), and decrease in stem cell markers (CD44v6) and pathways (Wnt/β-catenin). | Rabusertib | [168] |
| Renieramycin M (blue sponge Xestospongia species) |
Non-small-cell lung cancer | In vitro reduction in tumorsphere formation andstem-like markers (CD133, CD44, ALDH1A1). | [169] | |
| Carotenoids | ||||
| Fucoxanthinol (brown algae) |
Colorectal cancer | In vitro reduction in tumorsphere formation by the inactivation of AKT signaling and the downregulation of PPARβ/δ and PPARγ protein expression, in vitro induction of apoptosis via the reduction in cellular adhesion molecule expression. | [171] | |
| Colorectal cancer | In vitro decrease in proliferation pathways (JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, NF-κB). | [172] | ||
| Macrolides | ||||
| Bryostatin-1 (Bugula neritina) |
Melanoma cells | In vitro reduction in proliferation and ABCB5+ subpopulation. | [176] | |
| Leukemia | In vitroinduction of apoptosis and reduction in CD34+ cell fraction | Gleevec | [177] |
Abbreviations: NPs, natural products, CSCs, cancer stem cells, CDK1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1, ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenases, PPARβ/δ, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor β/δ, PPARγ peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ.