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. 2022 Nov 27;23(23):14837. doi: 10.3390/ijms232314837

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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CISR perturbed the fecal metabolic profiles. (A,B) The fecal metabolite profiles of the CTRL and CISR mice differentiated by a principal component analysis (PCA) and an orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). (C,D) CISR altered the relative abundance of all fecal metabolites, as shown by a percentage stacking histogram and a comparison via Student’s t-test. The values were presented as the mean ± SEM. Significant differences were indicated by asterisks (*** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05).