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. 2022 Dec 5;11(23):3929. doi: 10.3390/cells11233929

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The FGF signalling pathway. The ligand binds to an FGFR monomer, which leads to dimerization and intracellular phosphorylation. This provides the means to start signalling pathways for FGFRs. Activated FGFRs open the way for PI3K, AKT, mTOR or the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK cascade. Activated FGFRs also phosphorylate JAK kinases, which lead to STAT activation. FGFRs can also recruit and phosphorylate PLCγ, thereby initiating signalling through the DAG/PKC or IP3-Ca2+ pathway. All of those pathways have a crucial role in tumour development. FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptors); PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase); AKT (protein kinase B); mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin); JAK (Janus kinase); STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription); PLCγ (phospholipase C gamma); DAG (dystroglycan); PKC (protein kinase C); IP3 (inositol trisphosphate).