Table 1.

Summary of associations between HMOs and infant growth outcomes. Weight includes growth outcomes of weight z score (weight compared to a standard of the same sex), change in weight z score, weight for age z score (weight compared to a standard of the same age and sex), and change in weight for age z score; length includes length z score, change in length z score, length for age z score, and change in length for age z score. Weight for length includes both weight for length z score (weight compared to a standard of the same length and sex) and change in weight for length z score. Head circumference includes head circumference z score, change in head circumference z score, head circumference for age z score, and change in head circumference for age z score. Body mass index includes growth outcomes of body mass index and body mass index for age z score. Fat mass includes fat mass, percentage of fat mass (weight of body fat), and fat mass index (calculated as (fat mass)/height²). Fat-free mass includes fat-free mass (weight of body par that do not contain fat), percentage of fat-free mass, and fat-free mass index (calculated as (fat-free mass)/height²).

Anthropometrics
Weight	Positive 3′SL * [59,78,87,89], LNnT [84], 2′FL * [59,77,87], LNFP II [78], 3FL * [59,78,87], DSLNT [84], DFLac * [59,77,87], LSTb ** [78], DFLNH * [59], DSLNH ** [78], DFLNT [59], 6′GL [91]
	Negative LNnT [77,87], 6′SL ** [59], LNFP II [84], LNT [83], LNFP I [85], LSTb [87], LSTc [89], DFLNH [77], MFLNH III [91]
Length	Positive 3′SL * [59,86], LNnT [86], 2′FL [87,90], 3FL ** [59], DFLNH * [59], A-tetra [90], DFLNT [59], LNnDFH [91]
	Negative 3′SL [88], LNnT [59,86,87,88], LNT [86], 3FL [91], LNFP I [86], LSTb [87], MFLNH III [91], LNFP V [86], FLNH [86]
Weight for length	Positive 3′SL [88], LNFP II [78], LNT [78], 3FL ** [78], LSTb ** [78], LSTc [88], LDFT [83], IFLNH 1 [83]
	Negative LNFP II [83], LNT [83], LSTa [83], DFLNHc [83]
Head circumference	Positive 3′SL [77,83], 6′SL [90], LNFP III [88], DFLac [77], MFLNH III [88], LDFT [91], A-tetra [88], LNDFH I [91], LNnDFH [91]
	Negative 6′SL [83], LNFP III [89], LNT [83], LNFP I [89], DFLNH [77], MFLNH III [91], LNnFP [86], DFLNHa [89], LNFP V [86]
Body mass index	Positive DFLac ** [59], LSTb ** [59], DFLNT ** [59]
	Negative LNnT [87], 2′FL [86], 6′SL [77], LNT [86], LNnFP [86], LNFP V [86]
Body composition
Fat mass	Positive 3′SL ** [78], 2′FL * [59], 6′SL ** [78], LNFP III ** [78], LNFP II * [78,85], DSLNT * [78,85], LSTb ** [78], FDSLNH [85], DSLNH ** [78], DFLNT [59]
	Negative LNnT [77,85], 6′SL ** [59], LNFP III ** [59] LNFP I [85], DFLNH [77]
Fat-free mass	Positive 3′SL * [59,90], 3FL ** [59], DFLac ** [59], DFLNH * [59], DFLNT ** [59]
	Negative LNT [90], LNFP I [85], LSTc [90]
Fat mass/fat-free mass ratio	Negative LNFP III ** [59]

Abbreviations: 3′SL: 3′-Sialyllactose, LNnT: Lacto-n-neotatraose, 2’FL: 2′-Fucosyllactose, 6’SL: 6′-Sialyllactose, LNFP III: Lacto-N-fucopentaose III, LNFP II: Lacto-N-fucopentaose II, LNT: Lacto-N-Tetraose, 3FL: 3-Fucosyllactose, DSLNT: disialyllacto-N-tetraose, DFLac: difucosyllactose, LNFP I: Lacto-N-fucopentaose I, LSTb: sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose, LSTc: sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose, DFLNH: Difucosyllacto-N-hexaose, MFLNH III: Monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose III, LDFT: lactodifucotetraose, A-tetra: A-tetrasaccharide, IFLNH I: fucosyl-paralacto-N-hexaose I, FDSLNH: Fucosyl-disialyllacto-N-hexose, DSLNH: disialyllacto-N-hexaose, DFLNT: difucosyllacto-N-tetrose, LNDFH I: Lacto-N-difucohexaose I, LNnDFH: lactoN-neodifucohexaose, 6′GL: 6′galactosyllactose, LNnFP: lacto-N-neofucopentaose, DFLNHa: difucosyllacto-N-hexaose (a), LSTa: LS-Tetrasaccharide a, DFLNHc: difucosyllacto-N-hexaose c, LNFP V: lacto-N-fucopentaose-V, FLNH: fucosyllacto-N-hexaose. * Associations with both concentration and infant intake. ** Associations with infant intake only.