Algorithm 1: Pseudocode for boundary cut-off point of LSFZ and HSFZ.

Input:$P_{suc}^i\left(loc\left(x\right)\right)$: LoRa device success probability Input:N: number of IoT LoRa devices Input:x: LoRa device’s location Input: BW: bandwidth Input: SF: spreading factor of a LoRa device Output: Boundary point LSFZ and HSFZ, $P_{th}$ 1:Initialization 2:$Sum\leftarrow 0$ 3:$P_{max}\leftarrow 0$ 4:$P_{opt}\leftarrow 0$ 5:for${\mathsf{\Theta }}_{th}=0$: 100 do 6:    for i=1: N do 7:        Calculate $P_{suc}^i\left(loc\left(x\right)\right)$ in Equation (13) 8:        Calculate $P_{\Delta suc}^i(P_{suc}^i\left(loc\left(x\right)\right),{\mathsf{\Theta }}_{th})$ 9:        $Sum+=P_{\Delta suc}^i(P_{suc}^i\left(loc\left(x\right)\right),{\mathsf{\Theta }}_{th})$ 10:    end for 11:    Calculate $P_{avg}\left({\mathsf{\Theta }}_{th}\right)$ = $\frac{Sum}{N}$ 12:    if $P_{max}$ <$P_{avg}\left({\mathsf{\Theta }}_{th}\right)$ then 13:        $P_{max}$ = $P_{avg}\left({\mathsf{\Theta }}_{th}\right)$ 14:        $P_{opt}$ = ${\mathsf{\Theta }}_{th}$ 15:    end if 16:end for 17:return $P_{opt}$