Table 1.
Characteristics of the nineteen studies included.
| Study | Country | N | Female | Intervention Measures | Follow-Up Time (Months) | Ex vs. Con | Outcome Measure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, Year | Ex/Con | % | Ex | Con | Rumination | Depression | Mindfulness | Anxiety | |||
| Foroughi et al. [30], 2020 | Iran | 10/9 | 72.2 | MBCT | WL | 1 | > | RRS | BDI-II | SMQ | / |
| Monnart et al. [31], 2019 | Belgium | 15/16 | 64.5 | MBCT | relaxation | / | > | SARI | MADRS | / | STAI |
| Batink et al. [32], 2013 | Netherlands | 64/66 | 75.4 | MBCT | TAU | / | > | RSS | HDRS | KIMS | PSWQ |
| Shahar et al. [33], 2010 | USA | 26/19 | 84.4 | MBCT | WL | / | = | RRS | BDI | MAAS | / |
| Bieling et al. [34], 2012 | Canada | 15/15 | 58 | MBCT | pill placebo | / | = | EQ-R | / | TMS | / |
| McIndoo et al. [35], 2016 | USA | 18/12 | 58.8 | MBT | BA | 1 | = | RRS | BDI-II | FFMQ | BAI |
| Schanche et al. [36], 2020 | Norway | 26/30 | 73.4 | MBCT | WL | / | > | RRQ | BDI-II | FFMQ | STAI |
| Winnebeck et al. [37], 2017 | Germany | 36/32 | 60.3 | MBI | psycho education | / | > | RRS | BDI-II | FFMQ | / |
| Jermann et al. [38], 2013 | switzerland | 18/18 | 69.4 | MBCT | TAU | 6 | = | RRQ | BDI-II | MAAS | / |
| Schuver et al. [39], 2016 | USA | 18/16 | 100 | MBYI | walking control | 1 | = | RSS | BDI | / | / |
| Geschwind et al. [40], 2011 | Netherlands | 63/66 | 75.6 | MBCT | WL | / | > | RRS | IDS | / | STAI |
| Bagherzadeh et al. [41], 2018 | Iran | 4/3 | 85.7 | ACT | BA | 1.5 | > | RRS | BDI-II | / | / |
| Kingston et al. [42], 2007 | Ireland | 6/11 | 88.2 | MBCT | TAU | / | = | RRS | BDI | / | / |
| Forkmann et al. [43], 2014 | Germany | 64/66 | 75.4 | MBCT | TAU | / | > | RSS | HDRS | KIMS | PSWQ |
| van Aalderen et al. [44], 2011 | Netherlands | 102/103 | 70.7 | MBCT | TAU | / | > | RSS | BDI | KIMS | PSWQ |
| Manicavasagar et al. [45], 2011 | Australian | 19/26 | 64.4 | MBCT | CBT | / | = | RRS | BDI-II | MAAS | / |
| Shih et al. [46], 2021 | China | 24/25 | 87.7 | MBCT | BA | / | > | RRS | HDRS | MAAS | / |
| Ramel et al. [47], 2004 | USA | 11/11 | 45.5 | MBSR | WL | / | = | RSQ | BDI | / | STAI |
| Schoenberg et al. [48], 2014 | Netherlands | 26/25 | 62.8 | MBCT | WL | / | = | RRS | IDS | FFMQ | STAI |
Note. Ex = experimental; Con = control; MBCT = mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBT = mindfulness-based therapy; MBI = mindfulness-based intervention; MBYI = mindfulness-based yoga intervention; ACT = acceptance and commitment therapy; MBSR = mindfulness-based stress reduction; WL = waiting list; TAU = treat-as-usual; BATD = behavioral activation; CBT = cognitive behavior therapy; RRS = Ruminative Response Scale; SARI = Sadness and Anger Ruminative Inventory; RSS = Rumination Response Style Questionnaire; EQ-R = Experiences Questionnaire-Rumination scale; RRQ = Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire; BDI-II = Beck’s Depression Inventory-II; MADRS = Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale; HDRS = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; IDS = Inventory of Depressive Symptoms; SMQ = Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire; KIMS = Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills; MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; TMS = Toronto Mindfulness Scale; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PSWQ = Penn State Worry Questionnaire; BAI = Beck’s Anxiety Inventory.