Table 1.
No. | Thermal Manipulation (TM) Temperature | Thermal Manipulation Age/Embryonic Day (E) | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 39.5 °C for 12 h (Intermittent) and 24 h/day Continuous) | E7 to E16 | Plasma corticosterone levels at hatch were significantly higher in the TM-treated chicks No difference in hatchability between the control and TM group The development of the thyroid and adrenal axis lowered their functional set points during TM |
[13] |
2. | 39.5 °C for 12 h (Intermittent) and 24 h/day Continuous) | E7 to E16. | Continuous TM enhanced thermotolerance on heat stress at days 2 and 10 of age | [14] |
3. | 39.5 °C | 3 h on E8 to E10 (early: EA) 3 h on E16 to E18 (late: LA) |
The EA and LA chicks exhibited significantly low body temperature at hatching Late treatment enhanced breast muscle growth Improved long-term thermotolerance in chickens |
[15] |
4. | 39.5 °C | 3, 6, 12 or 24 h per day from E16 to E18 | Recommended that 3 h of TM per day during E16 to E18 improved thermotolerance acquisition. Higher hatchability and growth |
[16] |
5. | 38.8 ℃ | 6 h on E 10 and 14. | Increased hatch weight and 42 d body weight Low plasma triacylglycerol at 42 d Increased insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) gene expression |
[17] |
6. | 39.5 °C | 12 h/day on E 7 to 16 | Lower body temperature at hatching Changes in plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. Breast muscle yield was enhanced |
[18] |
7. | 38.5 °C | 3 h/day on E16,17 and 18 | Plasma concentration of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) was lower No effect of the treatment on the post-hatch plasma corticosterone concentration No effect on the hatchability |
[19] |
8. | 34.6 °C (low) 37.6 °C (control), 40.6 °C (high) for |
4 h/embryonic day from E16–E18, | Embryos in the high-temperature treatment group shifted toward a more anaerobic metabolism
|
[20] |
9. | 39.0 °C for | 2 h on E13–E17 |
|
[21] |
10. | 38.2 to 38.4 °C for 24 h daily (chronic warm incubated) and 38.2 to 38.4 °C (warmth-stimulated). | 2 h daily on E 18 until hatch | Female chickens adapted well to warm conditions and performed better (feed intake, body weight gain, and body weight) during the final growing period The daily feed intake for male chickens incubated under chronic temperature was negatively affected during the final growing period No effect on the hatchability and chick quality. |
[22] |
11. | 39.6 °C | 6 h/day on E 0–8 (early) 6 h/day E10 to 18 (late) |
Applications of TM in the early and late periods of incubation:
High temperature in late embryonic days reduced chick quality. |
[23] |
12. | 38.5 °C and 40 °C | 6 h on E16, 9 h on E17 12 h on E18 |
Hatchbility not affected Body weights of thermally manipulated chickens were higher compared with controls Significant reduction in the plasma level of corticosterone in TM groups |
[24] |
13. | 38.4 °C | 6 h on E 19 3 h on E19 to 20 |
Higher body weight and body weight gain in broiler chickens Better FCR compared to control Low feed intake Improved FCR Male broilers obtained higher body weight with embryos exposure to higher temperature for 3 h in days 19 and 20 Post-hatch performance of broiler chickens in TM of broiler embryos during late embryogenesis period were improved |
[25] |
14. | 39.5 °C 39.5 °C |
Group 1: 3 h on E4–6 Group 2: 90 min and then returned to 37.5 °C for 60 min and lastly the temperature was raised again for 39.5 °C for 90 min on E4–6 |
Low hatchability rate in thermally manipulated chickens Body surface temperature and cloacal temperature increased in thermally manipulated chickens Total weight gain and daily weight gain lower in group 1 Triiodothyronine (T3) hormone concentration and globulin levels were low in thermally manipulated chickens |
[26] |
15. | 39 °C | 2, 3 and 4 h per day on E16–18 | No significant effect on hatchability traits and embryonic mortality percentages No significant differences in body temperature in all TM-treated groups Decreases in plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol 4 h/day TM at E16 to 18 days improve thermo tolerance acquisition, improved chick quality and productivity and low embryonic mortality |
[27] |
16. | 39.5 °C | 3 h/day on E11–16 | TM treated group has no effcet on hatchability and embryonic mortality No significant differences in the post-hatch performance and quality of the chicks Eggshell temperature and serum concentrations of corticosterone were found to be higher in the TM group |
[28] |