Table 3.
Effect of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaf pellet supplementation on fermentation characteristics and plasma urea nitrogen in Thai native beef cattle.
| Items | MSLP 1 (g/hd/d) | SEM | Contrast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
| Ruminal pH | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 0.26 | 0.068 | 0.093 |
| Temperature, °C | 39.1 | 39.3 | 39.2 | 39.1 | 0.19 | 0.283 | 0.425 |
| NH3-N, mg/dL | 15.6 b | 14.3 b | 12.1 a | 11.9 a | 0.31 | 0.041 | 0.045 |
| PUN, mg/dL | 13.4 b | 12.7 b | 11.6 a | 11.8 a | 0.42 | 0.064 | 0.083 |
| Total VFAs, mmol/L | 91.1 a | 95.3 b | 99.7 c | 102.5 c | 2.53 | 0.041 | 0.046 |
| VFAs, mol/100 mol | |||||||
| Acetic acid (C2) | 68.3 b | 67.5 b | 65.6 a | 64.8 a | 0.59 | 0.033 | 0.042 |
| Propionic acid (C3) | 20.2 a | 22.8 b | 24.9 c | 26.7 d | 0.46 | 0.025 | 0.032 |
| Butyric acid (C4) | 11.5 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 0.32 | 0.058 | 0.069 |
| C2:C3 | 3.38 | 2.96 | 2.63 | 2.43 | 0.11 | 0.183 | 0.314 |
| CH4 (mM) | 29.6 c | 27.8 b | 26.4 ab | 25.1 a | 0.73 | 0.022 | 0.035 |
1 MSLP = Mitragyna speciosa Korth Leaf pellet; SEM = standard error of the mean; NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen; PUN = plasma urea nitrogen; VFAs = volatile fatty acids; CH4 = methane production calculated according to Moss et al. [22]. CH4 = 0.45 (C2) − 0.275 (C3) + 0.4 (C4). Different superscript letters within a column indicate statistical differences.