Table 2.
Biometric and plasma parameters, and energy intake in 90-day-old male offspring of rats treated with CCX or vehicle during lactation.
| STD-veh | STD-CCX | CAF-veh | CAF-CCX | Two-Way ANOVA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biometric parameters | |||||
| Initial body weight (g) | 39.7 ± 1.9 | 41.3 ± 1.3 | 41.0 ± 1.4 | 40.8 ± 1.1 | - |
| Final body weight (g) | 373 ± 9 | 371 ± 4 | 446 ± 12 | 433 ± 14 | D |
| Body weight gain (g) | 333 ± 8 | 330 ± 4 | 405 ± 12 | 392 ± 14 | D |
| Liver (g) | 12.0 ± 0.4 | 10.9 ± 0.3 | 14.3 ± 0.5 | 13.2 ± 0.4 | D, P |
| RWAT (g) | 6.47 ± 0.45 | 7.87 ± 0.61 | 18.6 ± 1.7 | 19.0 ± 1.4 | D |
| MWAT (g) | 4.28 ± 0.27 | 4.75 ± 0.33 | 8.46 ± 0.57 | 9.21 ± 0.80 | D |
| EWAT (g) | 5.67 ± 0.48 | 6.86 ± 0.57 | 14.9 ± 1.3 | 15.8 ± 1.5 | D |
| IWAT (g) | 11.9 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 1.0 | 29.2 ± 3.0 | 30.0 ± 2.4 | D |
| Adiposity index (%) | 7.75 ± 0.54 | 8.69 ± 0.61 | 16.1 ± 1.0 | 17.2 ± 0.9 | D |
| Soleus muscle (g) | 0.147 ± 0.006 | 0.135 ± 0.005 | 0.142 ± 0.004 | 0.134 ± 0.002 | P |
| Gastrocnemius muscle (g) | 1.74 ± 0.05 | 1.76 ± 0.03 | 1.86 ± 0.02 | 1.79 ± 0.03 | D |
| Lean mass (%) | 86.2 ± 0.8 | 85.0 ± 1.0 | 74.8 ± 1.4 | 73.2 ± 1.2 | D |
| Fat mass (%) | 8.64 ± 0.76 | 9.86 ± 1.04 | 20.5 ± 1.4 | 22.4 ± 1.3 | D |
| Lean/fat ratio | 10.8 ± 0.9 | 8.62 ± 0.81 | 3.94 ± 0.35 | 3.46 ± 0.29 | D, P |
| Plasma parameters | |||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.00 ± 0.34 | 6.09 ± 0.25 | 7.41 ± 0.34 | 7.72 ± 0.13 | D |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 77.2 ± 8.4 | 94.9 ± 10.3 | 127 ± 10 | 141 ± 8 | D |
| HOMA-IR | 20.4 ± 2.5 | 26.3 ± 3.8 | 43.0 ± 5.2 | 48.4 ± 3.0 | D |
| R-QUICKI | 0.306 ± 0.008 | 0.291 ± 0.004 | 0.269 ± 0.004 | 0.270 ± 0.003 | D |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.65 ± 0.11 | 1.68 ± 0.07 | 2.20 ± 0.09 | 2.09 ± 0.08 | D |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.75 ± 0.32 | 1.15 ± 0.22 | 3.67 ± 0.39 | 3.17 ± 0.25 | D |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 0.279 ± 0.035 | 0.272 ± 0.030 | 0.336 ± 0.022 | 0.280 ± 0.022 | - |
| Phospholipids (mmol/L) | 1.77 ± 0.09 | 1.72 ± 0.08 | 2.38 ± 0.12 | 2.51 ± 0.11 | D |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 9.33 ± 0.63 | 9.89 ± 0.77 | 39.6 ± 3.6 | 45.4 ± 3.1 | D |
| Adiponectin/leptin ratio | 2.65 ± 0.22 | 3.40 ± 0.31 * | 1.18 ± 0.16 $ | 1.09 ± 0.07 | D, P, DxP |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 52.8 ± 1.5 | 55.3 ± 1.3 | 112 ± 3 | 113 ± 3 | D |
Ninety day-old male offspring of dams that received an oral dose of CCX (200 mg.kg−1.day−1) or a vehicle during lactation (21 days). The offspring was fed with either a STD or a CAF from postnatal day 21 until the age of 90 days, which led to four experimental groups: STD-veh, STD-CCX, CAF-veh and CAF-CCX. Data are the mean + SEM (n = 11–13). D: effect of the type of diet; P: metabolic programming effect of CCX; DxP: the interaction between diet and metabolic programming effect of CCX (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). $ The effect of diet within vehicle groups (Student’s t test, p < 0.05); * metabolic programming effect of CCX within STD groups (Student’s t test, p < 0.05). STD, chow diet; CCX, cocoanox extract; CAF, cafeteria diet; RWAT, retroperitoneal white adipose tissue; MWAT, mesenteric white adipose tissue; EWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue; IWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; R-QUICKI, revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.