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. 2022 Nov 23;14(23):5742. doi: 10.3390/cancers14235742

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Reprogramming of cell metabolism in cancer. Metabolic pathways regulating glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, TCA cycle and PPP, fatty acid metabolism, and glutaminolysis, are generally altered in malignant transformation by altered signaling pathways, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. Abbreviations: GLUT, glucose transporter; HK, hexokinase; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; F6P, fructose 6-phosphate; F1,6P, fructose 1,6-biphosphate; ALDOA, aldolase A; GA3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PGK1, phosphoglycerokinase 1; PGAM1, phosphoglycerate mutase 1; ENO1, α-enolase; PEP, phosphoenol pyruvate; PKM2, pyruvate kinase isozyme type 2; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; PKD1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; X5P, xylulose 5-phosphate; R5P, ribose 5-phosphate; S7P, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate; E4P, erythrose 4-phosphate; TKT, transketolase; TALDO, transaldolase; CIC, citrate carrier; CPTI, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; MCD, malonyl-coA decarboxylase; ACC, acetyl-coA carboxylase; FASN, fatty acid synthase; ACS, acetyl-coA synthetase; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; GLS, glutaminase; GLUD1, glutamate dehydrogenase 1; IDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; Aco1, aconitase 1; 3PG, 3-phosphoglycerate; SHMT, serine hydroxymethyltranferase.