Algorithm 1: The tree-like path establishment algorithm of LB-TBDAS.

Step 1: System initialization

(1) Sensor nodes are randomly deployed in the specific network area.

(2) The network area is partitioned into M × N cells of a grid.

(3) The sensor node with the highest residual energy is elected to be the cell head in each cell.

Step 2: Tree initialization

(1) The BS is responsible for serving as the root node.

(2) The network depth is Lm and the maximum number of child nodes (cell heads) is Cm.

Step 3: Tree construction