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. 2022 Nov 24;12(23):3279. doi: 10.3390/ani12233279

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Generation of ROS in the mitochondria and cellular matrix of living organism. The superoxide radical (O₂^•−) is produced at a number of sites in the mitochondria, mainly complex I (sites IQ and IF) and complex III (site IIIQo). The produced superoxide radicals are converted into hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase and transported to the cellular matrix. Besides, xanthine oxidase, Cytochrome P450, NAD(P)H oxidase, and non-enzymatic reactions also contribute to superoxide radical production in the cellular matrix.