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. 2022 Nov 25;23(23):14739. doi: 10.3390/ijms232314739

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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3-TYP aggravates nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)-improved mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence in late passages mesenchymal stem cells (LP MSCs). (a) Observation of mitochondrial morphology by mito-tracker red (MTR) fluorescent staining (scale bar = 50 μm). (b) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. (c) The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels tested by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining (scale bar = 50 μm) and quantitative analysis. (d) The detection of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (scale bar = 50 μm). (e) Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining (scale bar = 100 μm) and quantitative analysis of the positive cell rate. (f) Examination of P16^INK4a mRNA expression by RT-qPCR. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.