Table 1.

Summary of analytical approaches commonly employed in food authenticity and traceability.

Analytical Approach	Advantages
Chromatographic methods	Quantitative and qualitative analysis Versatility Accuracy and precision
Multi-elemental methods	Geographical origin (e.g., rare earths) Production conditions (e.g., isotopic ratios)
Metabolomics methods	Wide coverage High-throughput analysis
Spectroscopic methods	Simplicity and rapidity High-throughput analysis Non-destructive nature Low cost
Molecular biology methods	Specificity and sensitivity