Table 1.
Demographic, lifestyle, biochemical and clinical characteristics of study participants: comparison pre vs. post BWRP (N = 45).
| Characteristics | Pre | Post | p-Value | FDR p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 15.8 ± 1.4 | - | - | |
| Gender | ||||
| Males | 17 (37.8%) | - | - | |
| Females | 28 (62.2%) | |||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Yes | 8 (17.8%) | - | - | |
| No | 37 (82.2%) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 37.5 (35.7;39.3) | 36.0 (34.2;37.8) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| BMI SDS | 2.94 (2.76;3.12) | 2.82 (2.64;3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| WC, cm | 114.8 (109.9;119.7) | 110.2 (105.4;115.1) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| 50 Hz ohm | 549.3 (529.3;569.2) | 554.33 (534.4;574.3) | 0.0018 | 0.002 |
| FFM, kg | 57.1 (53.9;60.4) | 55.24 (52.04;58.45) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| FFM, % | 55.0 (53.0;57.1) | 55.47 (53.43;57.52) | 0.0008 | 0.0009 |
| FM, kg | 47.9 (43.4;52.4) | 44.82 (40.29;49.35) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| FM, % | 45.0 (43.1;46.8) | 43.7 (41.83;45.56) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| REE, kcal | 1884 (1788;1981) | 1853 (1756;1950) | 0.0577 | 0.0598 |
| NEFA, mmol/L | 0.88 (0.78;0.99) | 0.7 (0.59;0.81) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 83.3 (79.8;86.8) | 77.69 (74.17;81.21) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 128.6 (126.0;131.1) | 119.44 (116.88;122.01) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.22 (77.84;80.61) | 74.44 (73.06;75.83) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| MAP, mmHg | 95.67 (94.05;97.28) | 89.44 (87.83;91.06) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.97 (4.74;5.2) | 4.63 (4.4;4.86) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Insulin, mU/L | 24.32 (21.58;27.06) | 17.14 (14.4;19.88) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/L | 5.41 (5.19;5.63) | 5.2 (4.97;5.42) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.39 (4.61;6.17) | 3.58 (2.8;4.36) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
| Yes | 17 (37.8%) | 12 (26.7%) | 0.2594 | 0.2597 |
| No | 28 (62.2%) | 33 (73.3%) | ||
| T-C, mg/dL | 157.04 (150.14;163.95) | 134.18 (127.27;141.09) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 43.96 (41.37;46.54) | 38.36 (35.77;40.94) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 100.38 (93.88;106.88) | 83.73 (77.23;90.24) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 122.2 (107.32;137.08) | 101.11 (86.23;115.99) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.48 (0.37;0.59) | 0.32 (0.21;0.43) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cortisol-8AM, μg/L | 16.06 (14.89;17.23) | 14.74 (13.57;15.91) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cortisol-3PM, μg/L | 6.26 (5.41;7.1) | 6.88 (6.03;7.72) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Urinary cortisol (24 h), µg | 101.58 (86.78;116.37) | 75.16 (60.34;89.98) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| ACTH-8AM, ng/L | 48.26 (41.76;54.76) | 43.57 (37.07;50.07) | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
| ACTH-3PM, ng/L | 17.9 (16.09;19.71) | 17.43 (15.62;19.24) | 0.0383 | 0.0411 |
| ALT, U/L | 21 [13;32] | - | - | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.69 ± 0.11 | - | - | |
| CASQ score | 37.7 ± 5.6 | - | - | |
| CASQ alertness score | 16.4 ± 4.3 | - | - | |
| CASQ sleepiness score | 21.3 ± 5.8 | - | - | |
| Weekly sleep score, min | 435 ± 72 | - | - | |
| Sleep time during weekdays, min | 407 ± 78 | - | - | |
| Sleep time during weekend days, min | 504 ± 105 | |||
| MEQSA score | 46.1 ± 8.3 | - | - | |
| Chronotype MEQSA score | ||||
| Morning (16–41) | 2 (4.4%) | - | - | |
| Intermediate (42–58) | 30 (66.7%) | - | - | |
| Evening (59–86) | 13 (28.9%) | - | - | |
In descriptive statistics, data with normal distribution are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. When not normally distributed, values are expressed as median (Q1, Q3). Categorical data are reported as frequencies and percentage. We applied linear regression models for paired data to evaluate the associations between time (pre/post BWRP) and continuous variables; for categorical variables, we applied the McNemar test for paired data.