Table 3.
Demographic, lifestyle, biochemical and clinical characteristics of study participants: pre- vs. post-BWRP comparison in males and females.
| Male (n = 17) | Female (n = 28) | p-Value of Interaction | FDR p-Value of Interaction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Pre | Post | Post-Pre | p-Value | Pre | Post | Post-Pre | p-Value | ||
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | β ± SE | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | β ± SE | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 38.02 (35.05;40.98) | 36.33 (33.36;39.29) | −1.69 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 | 37.17 (34.85;39.48) | 35.77 (33.46;38.08) | −1.39 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| BMI SDS | 3.1 (2.81;3.4) | 2.88 (2.59;3.17) | −0.22 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 | 2.85 (2.62;3.08) | 2.78 (2.55;3.01) | −0.07 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| WC, cm | 123.59 (116.16;131.01) | 117.18 (109.75;124.6) | −6.41 ± 0.48 | <0.0001 | 109.43 (103.64;115.21) | 106.04 (100.25;111.82) | −3.39 ± 0.37 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| 50 Hz ohm | 511.06 (481.74;540.38) | 516.64 (487.3;545.98) | 5.58 ± 2.52 | 0.0321 | 572.46 (549.62;595.31) | 577.21 (554.37;600.06) | 4.75 ± 1.9 | 0.0166 | 0.7934 | 0.7934 |
| FFM, kg | 66 (62.02;69.98) | 64.18 (60.19;68.16) | −1.82 ± 0.21 | <0.0001 | 51.78 (48.68;54.88) | 49.82 (46.72;52.92) | −1.95 ± 0.16 | <0.0001 | 0.6179 | 0.6654 |
| FFM, % | 58.78 (55.8;61.76) | 59.77 (56.79;62.75) | 0.99 ± 0.21 | <0.0001 | 52.74 (50.42;55.06) | 52.89 (50.56;55.21) | 0.15 ± 0.16 | 0.3536 | 0.0023 | 0.0047 |
| FM, kg | 48.12 (40.67;55.58) | 44.96 (37.5;52.42) | −3.16 ± 0.23 | <0.0001 | 47.79 (41.98;53.6) | 44.73 (38.92;50.54) | −3.06 ± 0.18 | <0.0001 | 0.7272 | 0.7541 |
| FM, % | 41.21 (38.48;43.94) | 40.22 (37.49;42.95) | −0.99 ± 0.24 | 0.0002 | 47.26 (45.14;49.39) | 45.81 (43.69;47.94) | −1.45 ± 0.18 | <0.0001 | 0.1355 | 0.1807 |
| REE, kcal | 2067 (1921;2213) | 2002 (1856;2148) | −65.06 ± 25.84 | 0.0159 | 1775 (1663;1888) | 1765 (1652;1877) | −10.56 ± 20.26 | 0.6051 | 0.1047 | 0.1494 |
| NEFA, mmol/L | 1.15 (0.97;1.32) | 0.64 (0.47;0.82) | −0.5 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 | 0.73 (0.59;0.86) | 0.72 (0.59;0.86) | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.9972 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 76.94 (71.48;82.4) | 74.12 (68.66;79.58) | −2.82 ± 0.93 | 0.0039 | 87.14 (82.89;91.4) | 79.86 (75.6;84.11) | −7.29 ± 0.72 | <0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0011 |
| SBP, mmHg | 127.06 (122.84;131.28) | 120.29 (116.07;124.52) | −6.76 ± 0.84 | <0.0001 | 129.46 (126.17;132.75) | 118.93 (115.64;122.22) | −10.54 ± 0.65 | <0.0001 | 0.0010 | 0.002 |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.71 (77.44;81.97) | 75.29 (73.03;77.56) | −4.41 ± 0.48 | <0.0001 | 78.93 (77.16;80.69) | 73.93 (72.16;75.69) | −5 ± 0.37 | <0.0001 | 0.3355 | 0.3915 |
| MAP, mmHg | 95.49 (92.84;98.14) | 90.29 (87.64;92.94) | −5.2 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | 95.77 (93.71;97.84) | 88.93 (86.86;90.99) | −6.85 ± 0.39 | <0.0001 | 0.0121 | 0.0211 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.94 (4.56;5.31) | 4.72 (4.35;5.1) | −0.22 ± 0.07 | 0.0022 | 4.99 (4.7;5.28) | 4.58 (4.29;4.87) | −0.42 ± 0.05 | <0.0001 | 0.0209 | 0.0344 |
| Insulin, mU/L | 27.44 (23.01;31.86) | 18.85 (14.44;23.25) | −8.59 ± 0.56 | <0.0001 | 22.59 (19.16;26.02) | 16.11 (12.68;19.54) | −6.48 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 0.0038 | 0.0071 |
| HbA1c, mmol/L | 5.35 (4.99;5.72) | 5.15 (4.78;5.51) | −0.21 ± 0.02 | <0.0001 | 5.44 (5.16;5.73) | 5.22 (4.94;5.51) | −0.22 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 | 0.5821 | 0.652 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.59 (4.32;6.87) | 4 (2.73;5.28) | −1.59 ± 0.18 | <0.0001 | 5.25 (4.26;6.25) | 3.32 (2.33;4.32) | −1.93 ± 0.14 | <0.0001 | 0.1481 | 0.1884 |
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||||||||
| Yes | 6 (35.3%) | 4 (23.5%) | - | 0.4516 | 11 (39.3%) | 8 (28.6%) | - | 0.3972 | - | - |
| No | 11 (64.7%) | 13 (76.5%) | 17 (60.7%) | 20 (71.4%) | ||||||
| T-C, mg/dL | 157.12 (145.79;168.44) | 128.65 (117.32;139.97) | −28.47 ± 1.16 | <0.0001 | 157 (148.18;165.82) | 137.54 (128.71;146.36) | −19.46 ± 0.91 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 39.82 (36.01;43.64) | 32.88 (29.07;36.7) | −6.94 ± 0.35 | <0.0001 | 46.46 (43.49;49.44) | 41.68 (38.7;44.65) | −4.79 ± 0.27 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 103.88 (93.19;114.57) | 82.94 (72.25;93.63) | −20.94 ± 1.14 | <0.0001 | 98.25 (89.92;106.58) | 84.21 (75.88;92.55) | −14.04 ± 0.89 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| TG, mg/dL | 131.18 (106.74;155.61) | 101.76 (77.33;126.2) | −29.41 ± 2.07 | <0.0001 | 116.75 (97.71;135.79) | 100.71 (81.68;119.75) | −16.04 ± 1.61 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.34 (0.16;0.51) | 0.34 (0.17;0.52) | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.7772 | 0.57 (0.43;0.71) | 0.3 (0.17;0.44) | −0.27 ± 0.02 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| Cortisol-8AM, μg/L | 15.55 (13.74;17.35) | 11.86 (10.06;13.67) | −3.68 ± 0.36 | <0.0001 | 16.37 (14.96;17.77) | 16.49 (15.08;17.9) | 0.12 ± 0.28 | 0.6709 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| Cortisol-3PM μg/L | 4.66 (3.43;5.9) | 5.12 (3.89;6.35) | 0.46 ± 0.19 | 0.0174 | 7.23 (6.27;8.18) | 7.94 (6.98;8.9) | 0.71 ± 0.14 | <0.0001 | 0.2835 | 0.3452 |
| Urinary cortisol (24 h), µg | 102.22 (78.21;126.23) | 59.17 (35.06;83.28) | −43.05 ± 4.58 | <0.0001 | 100.85 (82.09;119.6) | 84.64 (65.88;103.4) | −16.21 ± 3.59 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| ACTH-8AM, ng/L | 53.84 (43.28;64.41) | 46.8 (36.23;57.37) | −7.04 ± 1.81 | 0.0003 | 44.87 (36.64;53.1) | 41.61 (33.38;49.84) | −3.26 ± 1.41 | 0.0256 | 0.1067 | 0.1494 |
| ACTH-3PM, ng/L | 20.14 (17.33;22.95) | 20.29 (17.48;23.1) | 0.15 ± 0.36 | 0.6728 | 16.55 (14.36;18.74) | 15.69 (13.5;17.88) | −0.85 ± 0.28 | 0.004 | 0.0327 | 0.0508 |
In descriptive statistics, normally distributed data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. When not normally distributed, values are expressed as median (Q1, Q3). Categorical data are reported as frequencies and percentage. We applied linear mixed regression models for paired data to evaluate the modifier effect of sex on associations between time (pre/post BWRP) and continuous variables; for categorical variables, we applied the McNemar test for paired data.