Table 3.
Results of univariate multiple logistic regression analysis on the association between nutrient intake and cataracts for each model according to adjustment variables in the female group. Each nutrient intake significantly associated with cataracts in the univariate simple logistic regression was used as an independent variables.
| Nutrition | Unadjusted Model | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Water | Low–mid | 1.034 (0.798–1.341) | 0.928 (0.668–1.290) | 0.839 (0.560–1.257) | 0.809 (0.537–1.219) |
| High–mid | 1.009 (0.774–1.316) | 1.174 (0.780–1.766) | 1.027 (0.628–1.681) | 1.032 (0.632–1.685) | |
| Protein | Low–mid | 1.049 (0.782–1.408) | 1.086 (0.780–1.513) | 1.004 (0.688–1.463) | 0.992 (0.678–1.453) |
| High–mid | 0.724 (0.512–1.024) | 0.755 (0.527–1.080) | 0.707 (0.459–1.088) | 0.721 (0.467–1.113) | |
| Fat | Low–mid | 1.058 (0.718–1.560) | 0.997 (0.660–1.504) | 1.090 (0.654–1.817) | 1.112 (0.670–1.846) |
| High–mid | 0.780 (0.448–1.360) | 0.652 (0.355–1.196) | 0.632 (0.311–1.282) | 0.629 (0.310–1.274) | |
| Saturated fatty acids | Low–mid | 0.958 (0.726–1.264) | 0.902 (0.658–1.237) | 0.925 (0.634–1.349) | 0.880 (0.607–1.275) |
| High–mid | 0.970 (0.630–1.493) | 1.024 (0.643–1.630) | 0.840 (0.463–1.523) | 0.857 (0.471–1.557) | |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids | Low–mid | 0.802 (0.566–1.137) | 0.774 (0.537–1.116) | 0.739 (0.490–1.115) | 0.745 (0.493–1.126) |
| High–mid | 0.886 (0.550–1.428) | 0.943 (0.554–1.605) | 0.991 (0.521–1.886) | 1.002 (0.528–1.900) | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Low–mid | 1.588 (1.113–2.266) * | 1.555 (1.029–2.349) * | 2.026 (1.227–3.346) * | 2.063 (1.256–3.388) * |
| High–mid | 1.343 (0.795–2.266) | 1.192 (0.668–2.129) | 1.047 (0.517–2.120) | 1.064 (0.522–2.169) | |
| Omega-3 fatty acid |
Low–mid | 0.918 (0.714–1.181) | 0.967 (0.730–1.280) | 0.919 (0.669–1.263) | 0.904 (0.656–1.246) |
| High–mid | 1.099 (0.849–1.422) | 1.099 (0.835–1.446) | 1.259 (0.909–1.743) | 1.244 (0.894–1.732) | |
| Omega-6 fatty acid |
Low–mid | 0.753 (0.529–1.072) | 0.779 (0.538–1.127) | 0.677 (0.437–1.049) | 0.657 (0.423–1.021) |
| High–mid | 0.659 (0.401–1.082) | 0.794 (0.453–1.390) | 0.845 (0.437–1.635) | 0.837 (0.432–1.624) | |
| Cholesterol | Low–mid | 1.095 (0.873–1.374) | 0.944 (0.741–1.203) | 1.066 (0.799–1.422) | 1.051 (0.786–1.405) |
| High–mid | 1.135 (0.845–1.525) | 1.118 (0.822–1.520) | 1.082 (0.740–1.582) | 1.053 (0.716–1.550) | |
| Carbohydrates | Low–mid | 1.035 (0.765–1.400) | 1.163 (0.822–1.646) | 1.211 (0.798–1.839) | 1.108 (0.726–1.692) |
| High–mid | 0.929 (0.730–1.182) | 0.905 (0.681–1.203) | 0.897 (0.644–1.248) | 0.927 (0.662–1.296) | |
| Dietary fiber | Low–mid | 1.102 (0.815–1.491) | 0.990 (0.716–1.369) | 0.936 (0.623–1.405) | 1.012 (0.669–1.529) |
| High–mid | 0.901 (0.696–1.168) | 0.875 (0.664–1.152) | 0.960 (0.694–1.327) | 0.956 (0.692–1.323) | |
| Sugar | Low–mid | 1.260 (1.006–1.578) * | 1.221 (0.965–1.546) | 1.272 (0.961–1.684) | 1.318 (0.995–1.747) |
| High–mid | 0.941 (0.722–1.227) | 1.008 (0.762–1.334) | 0.987 (0.711–1.371) | 0.990 (0.714–1.373) | |
| Calcium | Low–mid | 0.829 (0.636–1.081) | 0.800 (0.599–1.068) | 0.941 (0.664–1.335) | 0.965 (0.681–1.368) |
| High–mid | 0.931 (0.722–1.199) | 0.949 (0.717–1.255) | 0.928 (0.670–1.286) | 0.938 (0.679–1.296) | |
| Phosphorus | Low–mid | 0.824 (0.596–1.138) | 0.787 (0.546–1.135) | 0.815 (0.527–1.260) | 0.822 (0.527–1.283) |
| High–mid | 1.184 (0.842–1.665) | 1.193 (0.829–1.716) | 1.201 (0.797–1.809) | 1.173 (0.774–1.779) | |
| Iron | Low–mid | 0.907 (0.672–1.225) | 0.946 (0.678–1.320) | 0.898 (0.625–1.290) | 0.874 (0.605–1.262) |
| High–mid | 1.206 (0.931–1.563) | 1.291 (0.973–1.712) | 1.346 (0.979–1.849) | 1.351 (0.977–1.867) | |
| Potassium | Low–mid | 1.118 (0.796–1.571) | 1.105 (0.756–1.615) | 1.153 (0.732–1.816) | 1.151 (0.726–1.826) |
| High–mid | 0.935 (0.717–1.219) | 0.983 (0.741–1.304) | 0.999 (0.711–1.403) | 1.002 (0.713–1.407) | |
| Vitamin A | Low–mid | 1.333 (1.010–1.760) * | 1.504 (1.109–2.039) * | 1.416 (1.007–1.992) * | 1.430 (1.015–2.014) * |
| High–mid | 1.173 (0.876–1.571) | 1.073 (0.796–1.448) | 1.074 (0.741–1.557) | 1.047 (0.719–1.524) | |
| Carotene | Low–mid | 1.052 (0.833–1.330) | 0.957 (0.738–1.240) | 1.003 (0.726–1.387) | 1.002 (0.723–1.390) |
| High–mid | 0.929 (0.710–1.217) | 1.034 (0.785–1.363) | 0.982 (0.718–1.343) | 0.986 (0.720–1.350) | |
| Vitamin B1 | Low–mid | 0.961 (0.719–1.286) | 1.098 (0.807–1.496) | 0.929 (0.640–1.348) | 0.976 (0.672–1.419) |
| High–mid | 1.164 (0.908–1.491) | 1.076 (0.819–1.413) | 1.122 (0.809–1.555) | 1.126 (0.809–1.568) | |
| Vitamin B2 | Low–mid | 1.254 (0.935–1.680) | 1.144 (0.846–1.547) | 1.022 (0.726–1.438) | 1.011 (0.718–1.425) |
| High–mid | 1.199 (0.911–1.580) | 1.364 (1.024–1.815) * | 1.626 (1.149–2.302) * | 1.639 (1.160–2.317) * | |
| Vitamin B3 | Low–mid | 1.382 (1.085–1.761) * | 1.234 (0.964–1.579) | 1.048 (0.786–1.399) | 1.075 (0.805–1.435) |
| High–mid | 0.898 (0.673–1.196) | 1.047 (0.754–1.452) | 0.889 (0.606–1.306) | 0.850 (0.577–1.252) | |
| Vitamin B9 | Low–mid | 0.916 (0.666–1.261) | 0.806 (0.574–1.130) | 0.902 (0.620–1.314) | 0.890 (0.609–1.299) |
| High–mid | 1.009 (0.776–1.313) | 1.026 (0.774–1.359) | 0.977 (0.698–1.368) | 0.983 (0.701–1.378) | |
| Vitamin C | Low–mid | 0.996 (0.773–1.284) | 1.039 (0.793–1.362) | 0.996 (0.716–1.386) | 0.995 (0.713–1.387) |
| High–mid | 1.119 (0.892–1.403) | 1.159 (0.910–1.476) | 1.078 (0.806–1.441) | 1.084 (0.809–1.453) |
Abbreviations: Bolded items indicate a relationship between prevalence of cataracts and nutrient intake. (* p < 0.05 ). a Adjusted for age, education level, national basic livelihood, and marital status. b Adjusted for all the variables in Model 1, plus obesity, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, hyperlipidemia, and heart failure. c Adjusted for all the variables in Model 2, plus physical activity, smoking, and drinking.