Table 1.

Herbs containing nutraceuticals acting as AMPK effectors.

Source	Proposed Mechanism	Target	Effects
Gelidium elegans [20,21]	Unknown	AMPK-PRDM16	Anti-obesity
Iris rossii Baker [36,37]	Inhibits pre-adipocytes differentiation	AMPK	Decreases lipid accumulation
Panax ginseng [25,26]	Increases AMPK phosphorylation	AMPK PRDM16 PGC1α	Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism
Paullinia cupana [22,18]	Stimulates thermogenesis	AMPK PPARγ coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) UCP-1	Anti-hyperlipidemic
Pueraria montana var lobata [29,30]	Regulation of brown fat activity	PPAR pathway UCP1	Stimulates thermogenesis
Salvia hispanica L. [38,39]	Increases protein kinase B 1 (AKT1)[pS473]	AMPK mRNA HSP, PGC-1α Forkhead box protein 1 (FOXO1)	Improves glucose and insulin tolerance
Scutellaria baicalensis [34,35]	Hemostasis of glucose and lipid metabolisms	(WNT)/β-catenin pathway AMPK PPARγ	Anti-hyperlipidemic
Zingiber officinalis [32,33]	Upregulating β-oxidation	AMPK	Controls fat accumulation