Table 1.

Similarities and differences among apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis.

Characteristics	Apoptosis	Pyroptosis	Necroptosis
Inflammatory	No	Yes	Yes
Chromatin condensation	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nucleus intact	No	Yes	Yes
DNA fragmentation	Yes	Yes	Yes
DNA laddering	Yes	No	No
Membrane integrity	Yes	No	No
Pore formation	No	Yes	Yes
Cell swelling	No	Yes	Yes
Osmotic lysis	No	Yes	Yes
Caspase-1 activation	No	Yes	No
Caspase-3 activation	Yes	Yes	No
Caspase-4/5 activation	No	Yes	No
Caspase-6 activation	Yes	Yes	No
Caspase-7 activation	Yes	Yes	No
Caspase-8 activation	Yes	Yes	No
Caspase-11 activation	No	Yes	No
Cytokines	No	IL-1β, IL-18	TNF-α, IL-6