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. 2022 Nov 24;23(23):14649. doi: 10.3390/ijms232314649

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Molecular mechanisms on Dox-induced cardiomyocyte death. Dox treatment initiates multi-focal pathways including upregulation of death receptors, calcium overload, disruption in iron homeostasis, and generation of ROS/RNS. These events lead to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein damage, and cell death.