Table 1.
The regulatory effects of natural products and scores for studies.
| Disease | Natural Product | Resource | Autophagy | Molecular Mechanism | Score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autophagy Flux | Autophagosome Information |
Degradation in Autolysosome | |||||
| HCC | ADCX | Cimicifugae rhizoma | (-) | (-) | NA | 7.5 | |
| IS | Epimedium koreanum Nakai | (-) | (-) | NA | 5 | ||
| RA-XII | Rubia yunnanensis | (-) | (-) | Inhibiting the AMPK-mTOR pathway | 3.5 | ||
| PB | Polygonum bistorta L. | (-) | (-) | NA | 2.5 | ||
| 6-shogaol | Ginger | (-) | (-) | NA | 2 | ||
| GN | Schisandra chinensis (Turca.) Baill | (-) | (-) | Activating the PI3K-AKT pathway | 1.5 | ||
| QCT | Wide distribution | (+) | (+) | Inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway | 5 | ||
| Uvangoletin | Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai | (+) | (+) | Inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway | 4.5 | ||
| rBTI | Tartary buckwheat | (+) | (+) | NA | 4.5 | ||
| XAG | Angelica keiskei (Miq.) Koidz. | (+) | (+) | Activating the AMPK-mTOR pathway | 4 | ||
| PGG | Rhus chinensis Mill | (+) | (+) | NA | 3.5 | ||
| SSd | Radix bupleuri root | (+) | (+) | Inhibiting the mTOR pathway | 3 | ||
| DHA | Artemisia annua L. | (+) | (+) | Promoting the ROS production | 3 | ||
| SK | Lithospermum erythrorhizon | (+) | (+) | Down-regulating PYCR1, Inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway | 3 | ||
| Bufalin | Bufonid’s skin | (-) or (+) | (-) or (+) | NA | 2–4 | ||
| BBR | Berberis aristata | (-) or (+) | (-) or (+) | NA | 1–3 | ||
| SM | Solanum nigrum L. | (+) | (+) | NA | 1.5 | ||
| GA | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch | (+) * | (+) | NA | 5.5 | ||
| Lycorine | Lycoris radiata | (+) * | (+) | NA | 5.5 | ||
| Arenobufagin | Bufonid’s skin | (+) * | (+) | NA | 5 | ||
| HTBPI | Tylophora ovata | (+) * | (+) | NA | 4.5 | ||
| 7-Deoxynarciclasine | Lycoris radiata | (+) * | (+) | NA | 4.5 | ||
| Salvianolic acid B | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | (+) * | (+) | Inhibiting the AKT-mTOR pathway | 4.5 | ||
| FLD | Pterostilbene | Wide distribution | (+) | (+) | NA | 7.5 | |
| VFE | Valeriana fauriei Briq | (+) | (+) | Inhibiting the mTOR-ULK1 pathway | 6.5 | ||
| Corilagin | Wide distribution | (+) | (+) | NA | 6 | ||
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | Black soybean testa | (+) | (+) | Activating the PINK1-Parkin pathway | 6 | ||
| Polydatin | Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. | (+) | (+) | (+) | Activating the TFEB and inhibiting the mTOR | 5 | |
| EGCG | Green tea | (+) | (+) | Activating the AMPK | 5 | ||
| CAT | Rehmannia glutinosa DC. | (+) | (+) | (+) | Activating the AMPK-TFEB pathway | 5 | |
| HK | Magnolia genus L. | (+) | (+) | Activating the SIRT3-AMPK pathway | 4.5 | ||
| CPE | Cyclocarya paliurus | (+) | (+) | NA | 4.5 | ||
| RPS | Capsicum annuum L. | (+) | (+) | Activating the AMPK | 4 | ||
| Ginsenoside Rb2 | Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. | (+) | (+) | Activating the SIRT1-AMPK pathway | 4 | ||
| KD | Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. (Orchidaceae) | (+) | (+) | Activating the STRAD/LKB1-AMPK pathway | 3.5 | ||
| IA | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | (+) | (+) | (+) | Activating the TFEB | 2 | |
| BPF | Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau | (+) | (+) | NA | 1.5 | ||
| LF | Curcumin | Curcuma zedoaria Roxb and… | (+) | (+) | Activating the AMPK-mTOR pathway | 7 | |
| BA | Wide distribution | (+) | (+) | Inhibiting the MAPK/ERK pathway | 5.5 | ||
| Silybin | Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. | (-) | (-) | Inhibiting the ROS production | 3.5 | ||
| Oroxylin A | Scutellariae radix | (+) | (+) | Inhibiting the MAPK-ERK and AKT-mTOR pathways | 3 | ||
| PD | Platycodon grandiflorum. | (+) | (+) | Inhibiting the JNK/c-JUN pathway | 3 | ||
| Purple pitanga extract | Eugenia uniflora L. | (+) | (+) | NA | 3 | ||
| SSd | Radix bupleuri root | (-) | (-) | Recovering the expression of GPER1 | 3 | ||
| DHI | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | (+) | (+) | Down-regulating the expression of YAP | 2.5 | ||
| Virus infection | EGCG | Green tea | (+) | (+) | Recovering lysosomal acidification | 3 | |
| Deguelin | Mundulea sericea (Leguminosae) | (+) | (+) | NA | 2 | ||
| Resveratrol | Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold and Zucc. | (+) | (+) | NA | 1 | ||
| Oleuropein | Canarium album (Lour.) DC. | (+) | (+) | NA | 2 | ||
| ALI (APAP-induced-ALI) | Dihydrokaempferol | Wide distribution | (+) | (+) | Activating the SIRT1-AMPK pathway | 3.5 | |
| Apigenin | Matricaria chamomilla | (+) | (+) | Activating the SIRT1-AMPK pathway | 3.5 | ||
| FA | Wide distribution | (+) | (+) | Activating the AMPK | 3 | ||
| DB | Lonicera acuminata Wall. | (+) | (+) | Down-regulating the Neu1 | 2.5 | ||
| α-MG | Garcinia mangostana | (-) | (-) | augmenting the AKT-mTOR pathway | 1 | ||
| ALI (Chinese-herb-induced ALI) | Triptolide | Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. | (+) # | (+) | Promoting the Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission | 5.5 | |
| Ephedrine | Chinese ephedra | (+) # | (+) | Evoking the PINK1-Parkin pathway | 4 | ||
| MZADC | Zanthoxylum armatum DC. | (-) # | (-) | Activating the mTOR-ULK1 pathway | 2 | ||
| SSa/SSd | Radix bupleuri root | (+) # | (+) | Inhibiting the activity of SERCA | 2 | ||
| ALI (D/L-induced ALI) | GA | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch | (-) | (-) | Recovering the expression of PXR | 6 | |
| Puerarin | Radix puerariae | (+) | (+) | NA | 2.5 | ||
| Cordycepin | Cordyceps militaris | (-) | (-) | NA | 1.5 | ||
| WA | Withania Somnifera | (+) | (+) | NA | 1 | ||
| ALI (heavy-metal-induced ALI) | GBE | Ginkgo biloba | (+) | (+) | Inhibiting the E2F1/mTOR pathway | 8 | |
| Astragaloside IV | Astragalus aaronsohnianus Eig | (-) | (-) | NA | 1.5 | ||
| PU | Pueraria lobata | (+) | (+) | NA | 1 | ||
Note: (-) and (+) represent autophagy inhibition and autophagy activation, respectively, which also indicate that natural-product-mediated autophagy inhibition and activation are positively related to its therapeutical effects on liver diseases. (+) * shows that natural-product-induced autophagy activation is regarded as a side effect associated with their anti-HCC activities. (+) # and (-) # indicate that natural-product-modulated autophagy induces hepatotoxicity. NA, Not Applicable.