Table 3.
Studies describing differentiation of Schwann cells from human cell sources other than hiPSC or hESC. Sorted from most to least recent.
| Study | Cell Source | Duration | Characterization | Schwann Cell Markers | Sorting Steps/Yield | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim et al., 2020 [224] | human skin fibroblasts | 35 d | IF, RT-qPCR, WB, neurotrophic factors secretion (ELISA), neurite outgrowth assay, in vitro myelination assay, in vivo transplantation assay | SOX10, GFAP, p75NTR, GAP43, S100b, PMP22, MPZ, MBP | SCP colony picking on d18, 95% SOX10+ SCP, 95% S100b+ SC |
based on Kim et al., 2017 [121] (Table 1); but with direct conversion from fibroblasts instead of hiPSC |
| Saulite et al., 2018 [201] | human dermis MSC | 8 d | IF, RT-qPCR | Sox10, p75NTR, GFAP, S100b, MBP | no sorting, 20–40% MBP+ |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4) |
| Bajpai et al., 2017 [230] | human epidermal keratinocytes (neonate foreskin) |
7d to NCC, 35d to SC |
IF, RT-qPCR | MPZ, PMP22, GFAP, S100b, Krox20 | no sorting, 94% S100b+ |
clonal variability regarding differentiation capacity: 62.5% of clones could acquire SC fate |
| Mazzara et al., 2017 [177] | human skin fibroblasts, rodent skin fibroblasts (mouse embryonal/neonatal/adult, rat neonatal) | 21 d | IF, RT-qPCR, RNA-Seq, in vitro myelination assay, neurite outgrowth assay | S100, O4, MPZ, GFAP, MBP | 12.3% S100b+/O4+ (mouse embryonal)/5% (human) d14 → purification by FACS for O4+ | full characterization only done on rodent cells, but human derived cells were also shown to induce neurite outgrowth and align with neurites |
| Cai et al., 2017 [202] | human MSC | 56 d | IF, WB, neurotrophic factors secretion (ELISA), neurite outgrowth assay, in vitro myelination assay, in vivo transplantation assay | p75NTR, S100, MBP | no sorting, 84.9% S100+/p75NTR+ |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4)/Zhang et al., 2009 [174] (human MSC, Table 3); maturation step: coculture with rat primary neurons for SC fate commitment |
| Jung et al., 2016 [203] | human tonsil-derived MSC | 16 d | IF, RT-qPCR, WB, neurite outgrowth assay, in vitro myelination assay, in vivo transplantation assay | p75NTR, S100b, Krox20, GFAP | no sorting, 67.6% p75NTR+ |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4)/Zhang et al., 2009 [174] (human MSC, Table 3) |
| Sakaue et al., 2015 [215] | human epidermal NCC from hair bulge explants | 21–30 d | IF, RT-qPCR, microarray, neuron coculture (alignment with neurites) | Sox10, p75NTR, Krox20, S100b, GFAP, MPZ, MBP | no sorting, 90% Krox20+ |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4) |
| Martens et al., 2014 [217] | human dental pulp stem cells | 18 d | IF, in vitro myelination assay, neurite outgrowth assay, neurotrophic factors secretion (ELISA) | P75, GFAP, S100 | no sorting, yield not reported |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4) |
| Thoma et al., 2014 [228] | human foreskin fibroblasts | 39 d | IF, microarray, neurite outgrowth, in vitro myelination assay | Sox10, Krox20, PLP, GFAP, S100b, GalC, MBP | no sorting, 60% PLP+ |
|
| Tomita et al., 2013 [204] | human ADSC | 18 d | IF, WB, morphometric analysis, neurotrophic factors secretion (ELISA), neurite outgrowth assay, in vivo transplantation assay | p75NTR, GFAP, S100 | no sorting, yield not reported |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4) |
| Razavi et al., 2012 [205] | human ADSC | 16 d | IF, RT-qPCR | GFAP, S100 | no sorting, 90% GFAP+/S100+ |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4)/Zhang et al., 2009 [174] (human MSC, Table 3) |
| Matsuse et al., 2010 [173] | human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived MSC | 8 d | IF, RT-PCR, in vivo transplantation assay | Sox10, Krox20, GFAP, p75NTR, S100b, MPZ | no sorting, 98% MPZ+ |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4) |
| Zhang et al., 2009 [174] | human umbilical cord blood derived MSC | 24 d | IF, WB, neurite outgrowth assay | GFAP, S100 | no sorting, 60.8% GFAP+/S100+ |
protocol based on Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4)/Xu et al., 2008 [212] (rat ADSC, Table 4) → neurosphere induction |
| Shimizu et al., 2007 [206] | human MSC | 11 d | IF, in vivo transplantation assay | S100, MPZ, p75NTR, GFAP, O4 | no sorting, yield not reported |
protocol from Dezawa et al., 2001 [163] (rat MSC, Table 4) transferred to human MSC |
Abbreviations: d = days of differentiation, SCP = Schwann cell precursors, SC = Schwann cells, NCC = neural crest cells, MSC = mesenchymal stem cells, ADSC = adipose-derived stem cells, IF = immunofluorescence, WB = Western blot.