View full-text article in PMC Sensors (Basel). 2022 Nov 27;22(23):9233. doi: 10.3390/s22239233 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). PMC Copyright notice Algorithm 1: The BFGS Algorithm 1: Having a starting point x0 and B0=In. Set the values for s,β, and σ. 2: End if g(xk+1)<10−6. 3: Calculate the search direction using Formula (7). 4: Calculate the difference sk=xk+1−xk and yk+gk+1−gk. 5: Update Bk by (3) in order to obtain Bk+1. 6: k=k+1. 7: Go to step 2.