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. 2022 Dec 2;23(23):15159. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315159

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of CFS from L. rhamnosus SCB0119 on AKP contents (A), outer membrane permeability (B), inner membrane integrity (C), membrane potential (D) and pH gradients (E) in E. coli ATCC25922 and S. aureus ATCC6538. Changes in the outer membrane permeability, inner membrane integrity, membrane potential, and pH gradients were assayed using NPN, PI, DiBAC4(3), and BCECF-AM staining, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the treatments (p < 0.05). Error bars: SD of the mean from three repeated assays.