Table 2.
Description of included studies with density and/or proximity analysis units and types of food establishments evaluated.
| Authors | Year | Local | Sample Size | Unit of Analysis | Types of Food Establishments Evaluated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austin et al. [32] | 2005 | Chicago (U.S.) | 1292 schools and 613 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 800 m | Fast-food restaurants |
| Frank et al. [33] | 2006 | Atlanta (U.S.) | 302 food establishments around schools | Density and proximity of food establishments on a buffer of 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 m | Restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, and fast-food restaurants |
| Kipke et al. [34] | 2007 | California (U.S.) | 11 schools and 190 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 300 and 500 m | Fast-food restaurants, bakeries, ice cream parlors, convenience stores, butchers and fishmongers, grocery stores/supermarkets |
| Simon et al. [35] | 2008 | California (U.S.) | 1684 schools and 2712 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 800 m on school territory | Fast-food restaurants |
| Sturm [36] | 2008 | US | 31,622 schools | Density of food establishments on buffers of 400 and 800 m | Restaurants (including fast-food outlets), snack and non-alcoholic beverage stores, convenience stores, liquor distributors, and liquor stores |
| Zenk; Powell [37] | 2008 | US | 31,243 schools | Density of food establishments on buffers of 800 m | Convenience stores and fast-food restaurants |
| Davis; Carpenter [26] | 2009 | California (US) | >500,000 students | Density of food establishments on buffer of 800 m | Fast-food restaurants |
| Kestens; Daniel [38] | 2010 | Montreal (Canada) | 1168 schools and 7368 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 750 m on school territory | Fast-food restaurants, fruit and vegetable stores, and full-service restaurants |
| Kwate; Loh [39] | 2010 | New York (U.S.) | 2096 schools and 817 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 m on school territory | Fast-food restaurants |
| Laska et al. [40] | 2010 | Minneapolis (U.S.) | 349 adolescents | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 800, 1600, and 3000 m | Restaurants, fast-food restaurants, convenience stores, grocery stores, and other food establishments |
| Neckerman et al. [41] | 2010 | New York (U.S.) | 1089 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 800 m | Restaurants, fast-food restaurants, convenience stores, grocery stores, and other food establishments |
| Robitaille; Bergeron, Lasnier [42] | 2010 | Quebec (Canada) | 2302 schools and 5233 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 640 m | Convenience stores and fast-food restaurants |
| Tester; Yen; Laraia [43] | 2010 | California (U.S.) | 6 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 m | Street vendors |
| Nixon; Doud [44] | 2011 | California(US) | 41 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 800 m | Fast-food restaurants |
| Day; Pearce [11] | 2011 | New Zealand | 406 schools 1849 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 800 m | Convenience stores and fast-food restaurants |
| Gebauer; Laska [45] | 2011 | Minneapolis (U.S.) | 36 schools and 63 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 800 m | Convenience stores |
| Sanchez et al. [46] | 2012 | California (U.S.) | 926,018 children from 6362 schools | Proximity of food establishments to schools | Fast-food restaurants and convenience stores |
| An; Sturm [47] | 2012 | California (U.S.) | 8226 children and 5236 adolescents | Density and proximity of food establishments on a buffer of 160, 800, 1600, and 2400 m on school territory | Fast-food restaurants, convenience stores, mini-markets, grocery stores, and supermarkets |
| Black; Day [48] | 2012 | British Columbia (Canada) | 1392 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 800 m | Fast-food restaurants, liquor stores, eateries, delis, and convenience stores |
| Ellaway et al. [49] | 2012 | Glasgow (Reino Unido) | 29 schools and 2236 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 800 m | Cafes, takeaways (food for off-site consumption), fast-food restaurants, general stores (such as kiosks and supermarkets), trailers |
| Forsyth et al. [50] | 2012 | Minneapolis (U.S.) | 2724 adolescents in 20 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 800 and 1600 m in school territory | Fast-food restaurants |
| He et al. [8] | 2012 | Ontario (Canada) | 632 adolescents in 21 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 1 km | Convenience stores and fast-food restaurants |
| Héroux et al. [51] | 2012 | Canada, Escócia, and U.S. | 26,778 students of 687 schools and 46 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 1 km | Convenience stores, coffee shops, and fast-food restaurants |
| Leite et al. [52] | 2012 | Santos (Brazil) | 3 schools and 82 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 500 m | Food establishments classified in the predominant sale of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods |
| Seliske et al. [53] | 2012 | Canada | 6971 students from 158 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 5000 m | Convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, and coffee shops |
| Buck et al. [14] | 2013 | Delmenhorst (Germany) | 384 children and 188 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 1.5 km in school territory | Fast-food restaurants, snack bars, kebab shops, bakeries, kiosks, grocery stores, and supermarkets |
| Day; Pearce; Pearson [54] | 2013 | Christchurch (New Zealand) | Schools and food establishments from 1966 to 2006 | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 800 m | Supermarkets/grocery stores, convenience stores, fast-food restaurants |
| Grier; Davis [55] | 2013 | California (U.S.) | Schools | Proximity of food establishments to schools | Fast-food restaurants |
| Richmond et al. [56] | 2013 | Massachusetts (U.S.) | 18,281 students from 47 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 1.5 km | Convenience stores and fast-food restaurants |
| Smith et al. [24] | 2013 | London (England) | 757 students from 30 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 800 m | Grocery stores, convenience stores, and takeaways (food for off-site consumption) |
| Engler-Stringer et al. [57] | 2014 | Saskatoon (Canada) | 76 schools, 375 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 750 m | Grocery stores, convenience stores, and fast-food restaurants |
| Laxer; Janssen [58] | 2014 | Canada | 6099 adolescents from 255 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 1 km | Fast-food restaurants |
| Clark et al. [59] | 2014 | Otago (New Zealand) | 730 students from 11 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 800 m and 1500 m in school territory | Supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, fast-food restaurants |
| Tang et al. [2] | 2014 | Camden, New Brunswick, Newark e Trenton (New Zealand) | 8 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 m | Supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, fast-food restaurants |
| Cutumisu et al. [60] | 2017 | Quebec (Canada) | 374 schools | Density of food establishments on buffer of 750 m | Fast-food restaurants |
| Fitzpatrick et al. [12] | 2017 | Quebec (Canada) | 246 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 750 m | Convenience stores and fast-food restaurants |
| Soltero et al. [61] | 2017 | Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, and Mexico City (Mexico) | 32 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 800 m | Supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, table service restaurants, fast-food restaurants, street vendors, taco stands |
| do Carmo et al. [10] | 2018 | Brazil | 1247 schools | Direct observation of food establishments in and around schools | Canteens and street vendors |
| Li et al. [62] | 2019 | US | 52,375 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 800 m | Supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, restaurants |
| Lourenço et al. [63] | 2019 | Brazil | 962 children from 4 schools | Direct observation of food establishments in and around schools | Canteens and street vendors |
| Rummo et al. [64] | 2020 | New York (US) | 361,942 students from 706 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 400 and 800 m | Fast-food restaurants, a la carte restaurants, corner stores, supermarkets |
| Chew; Moran; Barnoya [65] | 2020 | Guatemala | 60 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 150 m | Fast-food restaurants, corner stores, supermarkets, farmer’s stores |
| Henriques et al. [66] | 2021 | Niterói, Brazil | 56 schools | Direct observation of establishments in and around schools (up to 500 m) | Formal and informal food trade |
| Saavedra-Garcia et al. [13] | 2021 | Lima | 15 schools | Direct observation of establishments in and around schools | Canteens and street vendors |
| Leite et al. [3] | 2021 | Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais- Brazil) | 316 schools and 4690 food establishments | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 250 m, 500 m, and 1000 m | Establishments that sell only or mainly in natural or minimally processed foods; mixed establishments; establishments that sell only or primarily ultra-processed foods; supermarkets and hypermarkets |
| Peres et al. [67] | 2021 | Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais- Brazil) | 1436 schools | Density of food establishments on a buffer of 250 m | Supermarkets, hypermarkets, grocery stores, snack bars, candy stores, bars, restaurants, bakeries |